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| | United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The Constitution was originally proposed as an amendment of the Articles of Confederation, which required ratification by all 13 of the original states for amendments to take effect. | | | The United States Constitution was partly based on ideas from the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom, such as Article 39 from the Magna Carta of 1215 which states that: | | | The United States is a common law country, and courts are obliged to follow the precedents established in prior cases. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution
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| | Union (American Civil War) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | During the American Civil War, Loyalists to the United States living in the Border States and Confederate States were termed Unionists. | | | Since the Civil War, the term has been a widely used synonym for the Northern side of the conflict, and has increasingly lost the more subtle historical connotations. | | | Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)
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| | Freedom Paper No. 4: Independent Judiciary |
| | While American courts are based on the English common law tradition, French courts practice Roman law. | | | Establishing a separate, distinct judicial branch of government responsible for upholding the Constitution as the supreme law of the land is a unique American contribution to political theory, and one that is attracting increasing attention from abroad. | | | While the American judiciary is one of the strongest in the world, its power is by no means unlimited. |
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http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/archive/freedom/freedom4.htm
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| | African American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | African Americans have significantly improved their social and economic standing since the Civil War, and even more so since the Civil Rights Movement, and recent decades have witnessed the expansion of a robust, African American middle class across the United States. | | | Current trends contradict conventional discourse that represents African Americans as alienated and distant from the West in general and the United States in particular, and instead point to a continuation of a long-term trend toward parity with national levels and absolutely higher levels of affluence than those experienced by most populations outside the United States. | | | Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity [9]. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American
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| | Schwerin Conference Papers--Herbert M. Atherton |
| | The American judiciary, at both the state and federal levels, finds itself overburdened and under siege: caught in the vortex of increased caseloads, rising public expectations, and limited resources. | | | It would be fair to say that the American judiciary has borne the brunt of problems arising from these demographic and related changes in the last half century, which have confirmed the wisdom of Tocqueville's remarks well beyond his own imaginings. | | | The American historian and political theorist Gary Wills has taken this position one step further to suggest that the Supreme Court is the most democratic of the three branches of the government because of its primary accountability to the state ratifying conventions, which sanctioned the Constitution in the first place (Wills, 134). |
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http://www.civiced.org/schwerin_atherton.html
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| | Eastern Book Company - Practical Lawyer |
| | The function of the American Judiciary was intended to be proscriptive to block the enforcement of an unjust law or action instead of being prescriptive giving directions as to how remedial actions should be taken by the Executive. | | | It becomes the duty of the judiciary to take cognizance of the executive's lapses and issue appropriate directions as to the method and manner in which the executive should act as ordained by the Constitution and the laws. | | | Conscious of the primordial fact that the Constitution is the supreme document, the mechanism under which laws must be made and governance of the country carried on, the judiciary must play its activist role. |
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http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/97v8a1.htm
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| | judindependence.htm |
| | In the American colonies, English constitutionalism and the Common Law was the foundation for the role of the judiciary in the soon-to-be-born new nation. | | | The lawyers of American in every section, and state of the Union, are more aroused over the Supreme Court proposal, and the threat to an independent judiciary, than they have been on any previous occasion since the Civil War. | | | For example, there is a threat to judicial independence posed when judges are held personally liable for official acts, and the ABA therefore supports excluding state and federal judges from injunctive relief and liability for attorney fees under the Civil Rights, Attorney Fees Award Act of 1976 for actions taken in their judicial capacity. |
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http://www.wsba.org/atj/committees/jurisprudence/judindependence.htm
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| | RULES OF COURT OF THE JUDICIARY OF AMERICAN SAMOA |
| | On or after the imposition of discipline, the hearing panel or the Chief Justice, as may be appropriate, shall transmit written notice of any public discipline to all justices and judges of the Judiciary of American Samoa and shall cause the same to be published in a newspaper of general circulation. | | | The American Samoa Rules of Evidence shall apply in a formal proceeding, but no error in admitting or excluding evidence shall invalidate a finding of fact, decision or determination, unless the error or action complained of resulted in a denial of a fair hearing. | | | However, an active member of the American Samoa Bar Association must be associated as Attorney of Record, upon whom service of process may be made and with whom the judge and opposing counsel may communicate concerning the action. |
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http://www.asbar.org/Rules/hctrulz.htm
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| | REVIEW ARTICLE |
| | In the main, the American judiciary has regarded itself as the guarantor of the private rights of contract and property in the face of the reformist demands of 'turbulent majorities'. | | | By the beginning of this century American law had developed and been transformed into a relatively fixed system of 'objective' law in which morality, politics, equity, subjectivity, and the redistributive functions of law were separated out to the advantage of the commercially powerful (Horwitz 1977, 259). | | | To do this, the author focuses upon the roles of the courts and the judiciary in their shaping, through their interpretation and application of law appertaining to labour, the development of the American labour movement in its crucial formative years which spanned the turn of this century. |
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http://www.rdg.ac.uk/RevSoc/archive/volume9/number2/9-2c.htm
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| | African American Article, AfricanAmerican Information |
| | Afterthe abolition of slavery at the end of the Civil War,African Americans continued to be denied fully equal civil rights in manyjurisdictions. | | | Most African Americans are descendants of persons brought to the Americas as slaves or indentured servants between theseventeenth and nineteenth centuries. | | | Terms for "American Slave Descendants", except for African-American, were more or less assigned or to the ethnic group bywhite Americans and the popularization of the term "African-American" was greatly encouraged by whites who believed it was theprefered term among blacks. |
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http://www.anoca.org/black/term/african_american.html
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| | American Mutual Life Insurance v. U.S. |
| | The Court of Federal Claims rejected American Mutual’s claim for relief on the additional basis that the tax benefit rule does not apply to the release of life insurance reserves. | | | American Mutual further argued that in accordance with the language of the exclusionary aspect of the tax benefit rule, as articulated in the Code, it is entitled to recover the amounts for which the deductions failed to yield a full dollar-for-dollar benefit. | | | American Mutual appeals from the judgment of the Court of Federal Claims. |
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http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/Federal/judicial/fed/opinions/00opinions/00-5078.html
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| | Anti-American sentiment - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia |
| | A long-standing irritant in relations between the United States and its neighbor Canada is the American refusal to abide by NAFTA and World Trade Organization decisions and admit Canadian softwood lumber without applying punitive duties. | | | American intervention in the Arab-Israeli conflict is widely seen as being unfair and biased towards Israel and against the Palestinians. | | | Americans are often perceived as particularly proud of their standard of living as well as their country's achievements, and for their allegiance to at least some of the ideals of the founders of the country, now often taken for granted in most of the industrialized world, such as freedom and equal justice under the law. |
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http://encyclopedia.learnthis.info/a/an/anti_american_sentiment.html
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| | Arthur Rosett, The Judicial Career of the United States and its Influence on the Substance of American Law |
| | American judges thus constitute a remarkably small part of the legal profession, which is approaching one million. | | | Americans criticize judges and their decisions in public debate, subject their judges to periodic review and reelection, and sometimes express anger by throwing a few judges out of office when they perceive an instance of judicial abuse of power. | | | More specifically, I believe that the development of American law is largely dependent on the character of the judiciary and that the character of the judiciary in turn is heavily influenced by the work-life, recruitment, and training of judges and the career structures within which they operate. |
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http://w3.uniroma1.it/idc/centro/publications/03rosett.htm
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| | German Americans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | [7] [8] Under the still active Alien Enemy Act of 1798 the United States government interned nearly 11,000 German Americans between 1940 and 1948. | | | Numbering over 47 million, German Americans are the largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States. | | | [13] The war evoked complex reactions among German Americans at the time, many of whom severed relationships with relatives in Europe and downplayed their ethnic heritage to blend with prevailing American culture. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American
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| | Civil Justice Report 1 The New American Rule: A First Amendment to the Clients Bill of Rights, by Richard W. Painter |
| | The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure should also probably be amended to make lawyers fees subject to the New American Rule when a case is filed in federal court. | | | Under the New American Rule, the lawyer would have limited his fee with an hourly rate, and this rate would presumably reflect the fact that this was a low risk caseperhaps it would be as high as two times the normal hourly rate charged for noncontingent fee work in the same community. | | | The New American Rule by contrast does not risk embroiling courts in disputes over early discovery motions filed by lawyers who are trying to maximize their fee or minimize the fee of opposing counsel. |
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http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cjr_1.htm
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| | American exceptionalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | American exceptionalism, a term coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1831, has been historically referred to as the perception that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations, because of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution, and distinctive political and religious institutions. | | | American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom. | | | American exceptionalism during the Cold War was often cast by the mass media as the American Way of Life personifying liberty engaged in a battle with tyranny as represented by communism. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism
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| | Concerned Women for America - The American Judiciary: Understanding Federal and State Courts |
| | By Tanya L. Green, J.D. The American judiciary is perhaps the finest in the world. | | | While both systems are subject to the limitations of the U.S. Constitution, state (and local) courts, which are established under the authority of state governments, may decide nearly every type of case, both criminal and civil. | | | The American Judiciary: Understanding Federal and State Courts |
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http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay.asp?id=7296&department=LEGAL&categoryid=legalother
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| | Hyphenated American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The term hyphenated American is an epithet from the late 19th century to refer to Americans who consider themselves of a distinct cultural origin other than the United States, and who claim to hold allegiance to both. | | | By contrast other groups have embraced the hyphen arguing that the American identity is compatible with alternative identities and that the mixture of identities within the United States strengthens the nation rather than weakens it. | | | In the U.S., people of Latin American descent are thus often referred to as "Hispanic Americans", or by their specific country of origin, e.g., "Mexican-Americans". |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphenated_American
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| | American exceptionalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Americans have tended to believe that a strong work ethic and personal fortitude is the key to success, rather than being born to the right family or making the right friends. | | | American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom. | | | Because American existence as an influential and powerful society is due to its vast resources, the story of how common American ethos is itself due to its vast resources; the current state of development being the culmination of an opportunity for 15th to 20th-century Europeans upon the discovery of the New World. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Exceptionalism
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| | From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline of American Government: Topics: Table of Content |
| | FRtR > Outlines > The American Government > Topics > Table of Content | | | An Outline of American Government is a publication of the U.S. Information Agency and has been copied from their WWW-site and incorporated in the project From Revolution to Reconstruction (and what happened afterwards..). | | | From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline of American Government: Topics: Table of Content |
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http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/GOV
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| | The Battle Over The Courts |
| | It is a measure of how bad things have become that even the usually reticent American Bar Assn., the attorney trade group that has a history of shying away from controversial legal reform, is starting to worry about the problem. | | | The crucial question isn't whether there is going to be an exodus of federal judges but whether politics is diminishing the ability of the courts to play their constitutional role. | | | Under the U.S. system of separate powers, the judiciary is charged with ensuring that the principles embedded in the Constitution, statutes, and common law are honored regardless of what the majority thinks. |
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http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901001_mz001.htm
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| | African American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Most African Americans have significantly improved their social and economic standing since the Civil Rights Movement, and recent decades have witnessed the expansion of a vibrant, African American middle class across the United States. | | | Persistent social, economic and political issues for many African Americans include inadequate healthcare access and delivery; institutional racism and discrimination in housing, education, policing, criminal justice and employment; crime; poverty; and substance abuse. | | | The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American intellectual and cultural elite in the Northern United States, led to a strengthening movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American
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| | Encyclopedia: American politics |
| | Thus, for an American to say that he or she is a member of, say, the Democratic party, is quite different from a Briton's stating that he or she is a member of the Labour party. | | | Americans have come to rely on their governments to perform a wide variety of tasks which, in the early days of the republic, people did for themselves. | | | A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination, but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary, and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/American-politics
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| | Politics of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Thus, for an American to say that he or she is a member of, the Democratic or Republican party, is quite different from a Briton's stating that he or she is a member of the Labour party. | | | Americans have come to rely on their governments to perform a wide variety of tasks which, in the early days of the republic, people did for themselves. | | | This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politician
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| | Japanese American internment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not subject to the strict internment policy, despite the fact that they were closer to essential military facilities than most of the Japanese Americans in the western states. | | | The Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior. | | | Beginning around the 1960s, a younger generation of Japanese Americans who felt energized by the Civil Rights movement began what is known as the "Redress Movement", an effort to obtain an official apology and reparations from the federal government for interning their parents and grandparents during the war. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Internment
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| | Rule of Law Threats - Unpublished Nonopinions and Inherent Power Sanctions |
| | The American rule is that a plaintiff, if represented by counsel, cannot be punished for bringing a lawsuit and losing. | | | Rule of law and due process are the bedrock upon which all American liberty and justice are based. | | | At that time, all court rulings always had an opinion written with it explaining the law as it applied to the decision made by the court and detailing the reasons upon which the judgment was based. |
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http://www.rule-of-law.info
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| | Notes for Government 2302 Section Four |
| | The case is made before a panel of judges who often have to go beyond the narrow words of the law or Constitution to determine how to apply a procedure in a given case. | | | Traditionally interest groups existed to use the courts to push certain policies through the courts that would not otherwise be heeded in the legislature of exectuive. | | | It proves incontestably, that the judiciary is beyond comparison the weakest of the three departments of power1; that it can never attack with success either of the other two; and that all possible care is requisite to enable it to defend itself against their attacks. |
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http://www.alvin.cc.tx.us/faculty/kjefferies/2302sect3outline2.htm
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| | AJCongress Calls an Independent Judiciary an American Cause |
| | The American Jewish Congress is a membership association of Jewish Americans, organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad, through public policy advocacy, in the courts, Congress, the executive branch and state and local governments. | | | We call on our national leaders to acknowledge the inherent problems with an ideologically charged judiciary, and seek an independent judiciary that is beholden to nothing but the law. | | | We do recognize, however, that there are instances when there is an over-riding public interest that requires that laws be written and enforced that have an impact on private behavior. |
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http://www.ajcongress.org/pages/RELS2005/APR_2005/apr05_04.htm
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| | WPJ Summer 2003 - Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: How the U.S. Legal and Business Communities Can Help by Dellinger & Fried |
| | Alexis de Tocqueville recognized the centrality of the rule of law to the fledgling American democracy when he wrote that the courts were the "most powerful existing security against the excesses of democracy." Indeed, rule of law as a counter-majoritarian force has helped expand and enrich the most visible aspects of American democracy. | | | Thus, rule of law requires procedural rules that facilitate access to justice, an independent judiciary, and a mechanism for educating citizens about their rights within the legal system. | | | A renewed effort to promote the rule of law requires first and foremost an understanding of what the rule of law isan issue that has been the subject of extensive debate. |
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http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/dellinger-fried.html
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| | National Voter: Judicial elections: judicial independence at risk |
| | Madison (1803) have resulted in a tradition of judicial independence that has permitted the American judiciary to freely exercise its constitutional obligation to resolve difficult issues when required for the good of the republic. | | | In response to these troubling trends, the American Bar Association (ABA) and the many state, local and territorial bar associations nationwide are addressing the corrosive effects of money and politics on the public's trust and confidence in the judiciary through a comprehensive program of policy recommendations and public education. | | | The American Bar Association is pleased that the League of Women Voters is committed to the issue of judicial independence. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MLB/is_1_52/ai_93811209
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