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| | History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | From 1990 to 1991, the legal apparatus of apartheid was abolished. | | | In 1973 the General Assembly of the United Nations agreed on the text of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. | | | As states of emergency prompted by violence continued intermittently throughout the 1980s, the government became increasingly dominated by Botha's circle of generals of police chiefs. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid
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| | The Head Heeb: Uncertain boundaries |
| | One case to be made for using apartheid terminology is that it explicitly brings to the fore the issue of social justice. | | | Apartheid was a system of "separate and unequal development" within one country, enforced by law and applied to that country's nominal citizens. | | | I think that, for the most part, "apartheid" and similar terms are used for purposes of propaganda rather than debate; the question of whether Israel really is an apartheid state is orthogonal to whether Israel's public image can be damaged by labeling it as one. |
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http://headheeb.blogmosis.com/archives/020496.html
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| | Rey Chow |
| | Apartheid did not receive any international attention when the laws were first created in 1948. | | | The penalty for not carrying the book at all times was also severe, ranging from imprisonment and fines, to a torturous death. | | | This party began in the 19th century, and spurred on many other parties from that point on. |
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http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/apart.html
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| | The Head Heeb: Comment on The Head Heeb colloquy no.1: Apartheid |
| | The USSR, pretty obviously, was not an apartheid state, because its racism was not legislated -- in theory, in fact, it was a non-racial state. | | | The term apartheid outside the obvious case of SF is a PR term that has been adopted by, mainly, Palestinians. | | | The driving force which leads to the dissolution of apartheid states would be popular revolt. |
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http://www.blogmosis.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=28598
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| | OHCHR |
| | The States Parties to the present Convention undertake to submit periodic reports to the group established under article IX on the legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures that they have adopted and that give effect to the provisions of the Convention. | | | International criminal responsibility shall apply, irrespective of the motive involved, to individuals, members of organizations and institutions and representatives of the State, whether residing in the territory of the State in which the acts are perpetrated or in some other State, whenever they: | | | The States Parties to the present Convention declare criminal those organizations, institutions and individuals committing the crime of apartheid. |
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http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/11.htm
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| | ZNet Race The New American Apartheid |
| | More specifically, speaking to the issue of apartheid, in 1973, The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid debated the issue of apartheid as a crime against humanity, and therefore argued that apartheid should be treated as a crime against humanityBan international crime. | | | American Apartheid American Apartheid American Apartheid Cashing In All by Shelden | | | The criminal justice system has been selected as the primary apparatus to apply social control mechanisms on the unskilled, the uneducated, the powerless and ethnic minorities. |
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http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=43&ItemID=5758
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| | The TRC and Apartheid Beneficiaries in a New Dispensation - Wilhelm Verwoerd |
| | Even those whites who opposed apartheid are beneficiaries, because they were also members of a group that was systematically, unjustly privileged in terms of access to land, capital etc. | | | He argues that their support for a measure that will clearly benefit the poor more than the wealthy "confirms evidence from a focus group exercise conducted a few years ago in which non-blacks were asked if they would pay more for water to compensate for the sins of apartheid. | | | Even though the system of apartheid has rightly been declared as a crime against humanity, this does not mean that those who have and continue to benefit from this massive crime are criminals. |
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http://www.csvr.org.za/articles/artrcver.htm
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| | Technorati Tag: Apartheid |
| | Israel is leaving Gaza for the obvious reason: It has become impossible to provide a secure life for less than 8,000 illegal settlers living amongst... | | | [IMG] Today I discovered and now wholly endorse the Manifesto for the Abolition of International Apartheid written in 1997 by Yves Bonnardel and David... | | | A tag is like a subject or category. |
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http://www.technorati.com/tag/Apartheid
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| | Mike Linksvayer » Apartheid |
| | You are currently browsing the archives for the Apartheid category. | | | Today I discovered and now wholly endorse the Manifesto for the Abolition of International Apartheid written in 1997 by Yves Bonnardel and David Olivier. | | | More forthcoming and previous in my apartheid category. |
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http://gondwanaland.com/mlog/category/apartheid
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| | Apartheid -- Africana |
| | After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, the social custom of apartheid was systematized under law. | | | The year 1990 brought a National Party government dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly banned black congresses and the release of imprisoned black leaders. | | | Apartheid was also denounced by the international community: in 1961 South Africa was forced to withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member states who were critical of the apartheid system, and in 1985 the governments of the United States and Great Britain imposed selective economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy. |
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http://www.africanaencyclopedia.com/apartheid/apartheid.html
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| | apartheid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | In 1991 President de Klerk obtained the repeal of the remaining apartheid laws and called for the drafting of a new constitution. | | | Racial segregation and the supremacy of whites had been traditionally accepted in South Africa prior to 1948, but in the general election of that year, Daniel F. Malan officially included the policy of apartheid in the Afrikaner Nationalist party platform, bringing his party to power for the first time. | | | Although the policy of apartheid was continued under Prime Minister John Vorster, there was some relaxation of its pettier aspects, and this accelerated under his successor, P. Botha. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/ap/aparthei.html
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| | Mr. Dowling's Apartheid Page |
| | In 1985, both the United Kingdom and the United States imposed restrictions on trade. | | | The rioting continued for the next fourteen years until the apartheid laws were repealed. | | | The party began a policy of racial segregation known as apartheid, which means “apartness.” |
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http://www.mrdowling.com/610-apartheid.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Apartheid |
| | Spend less time searching and more time learning. | | | Apartheid continued to be criticized internationally, and many countries, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on South Africa. | | | People who openly opposed apartheid were considered communists and the government passed strict security legislation which in effect turned South Africa into a police state. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761561373
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| | Israel's Apartheid Regime |
| | Israeli practices fulful the elements of the crime of apartheid as defined by the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, including by racial segregation and discrimination, and inhuman acts designed to establish domination of one group over the other. | | | Although reading the final governmental document coming out of Durban and the brazen walk out of the United States from the entire conference would suggest a failure of the conference, the WCAR was an important and, at times, amazing event. | | | Ethnic cleansing methods used have included uprooting by military attacks; arbitrary arrests and detention/unfair trials; attacks on specific vulnerable groups including women and children; destruction and confiscation of property, land and homes; and harassment designed to make life so unbearable that people leave. |
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http://www.countercurrents.org/pa-fassed230903.htm
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| | apartheid -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! |
| | De Kock told the court that the order to plant a bomb in the headquarters of a... | | | After F.W. de Klerk of the National party became the country's president in 1989, he accelerated the reform process and oversaw the dismantling of the apartheid laws. | | | To do that, the government packed the Senate with its nominated supporters to gain the two-thirds majority in a... |
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http://britannica.com/ebc/article-9355558?tocId=9355558&query=apartheid&ct=
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| | Timeline of South African Apartheid |
| | Because of apartheid the country was expelled from united nations. | | | Nelson Mandela was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment | | | The South African government began to limit the freedom of blackAfricans even more when it launched a system of apartheid. |
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http://www3.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/nph/twt/apart/timeline.htm
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| | Boycotts against Apartheid |
| | Paper prepared by Abdul Minty for the United Nations Unit on Apartheid, 1971 | | | Adopted by the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress, Lusaka, May 1989 | | | International Boycott of Apartheid Sport, with special reference to the campaigns in Britain by the Anti-Apartheid Movement. |
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http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/boycotts
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| | Omniseek: /Open Directory /Regional /Africa /Government and Politics /Apartheid / |
| | The Contribution of the Nordic States in the Struggle against Apartheid | | | Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning "apartness." Apartheid was the state system of the government for the South African nation between 1941 to 1990. | | | Dear Friends In the days of the Apartheid government, some of the Bahais found that they could develop close relationships with some of the leaders of the Bantu homeland governments. |
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http://www.omniseek.com/srch/{39524}
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| | ei: Apartheid |
| | International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (1973) | | | New apartheid orders: 11,400 Palestinians need permits to live in their homes, B'Tselem (21 November 2003) | | | Closure and Apartheid: Seven Years of ‘Peace’ through Separation, Allegra Pacheco, CPAP (6 March 2000) |
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http://electronicintifada.net/bytopic/149.shtml
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| | Apartheid Being Dismantled |
| | Donate any amount you choose -- no matter how small or large. | | | The church was told it could not be reinstated until it agreed with this statement. | | | And a week later a high-level policy-making commission of their church said it would not support resistance to apartheid and appointed a committee to study the issue before committing the church to an official position. |
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http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0300_Apartheid_Being_Dism.html
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| | Online NewsHour: Apartheid's People-- October 1985 |
| | FOREIGN MINISTER BOTHA: I've made my position clear. | | | Minister, say that the reforms that have been put forward to date merely nibble around the edges of apartheid, that the fundamentals of apartheid, like dismantling the homelands, abolishing the pass laws and allowing blacks to vote, one person, one vote, in a unitary state are fundamentals that the government is not dealing with. | | | South Africa's justice minister discusses the apartheid commission's findings. |
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http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/apartheid.html
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| | Aljazeera.Net - The apartheid wall that shames Israel |
| | Copyright and Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, Disclaimer | | | Critics of the structure point to the route of what many of them have dubbed the 'apartheid wall'. | | | Controversially, it includes several West Bank towns and lands on the Israeli side of the structure. |
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http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DDC7DC61-6A9B-4236-AE7B-11BFB71D6654.htm
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| | Democracy Now! Allied with Apartheid: Reagan Supported Racist South African Gvt |
| | Amy Goodman: What do you mean by restorative justice? | | | And it was clear to the people of South Africa during those years, that whilst there were a vast number of ordinary people in the United States, particularly African-Americans who stood with us, the Reagan administration was on the side of Apartheid. | | | But nothing could be further from the truth, particularly when Reagan was president. |
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http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/06/11/1431258
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| | The History of Apartheid in South Africa |
| | Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. | | | With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. | | | The penalties imposed on political protest, even non-violent protest, were severe. |
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http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html
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| | Apartheid, by Thomas W. Hazlett: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Most evidently, reform is seen in the elimination of the apartheid laws: the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (scrapped in 1985), the abolition of the Pass Laws (1986), and the widespread elimination of "petty apartheid" (whereby separate facilities for racial groups was rigidly maintained). | | | The nation turned its attention to crafting "a new South Africa," as the president set a 1994 deadline for adoption of a color-blind constitution guaranteeing equal rights under law to all citizens. | | | The conventional view is that apartheid was devised by affluent whites to suppress poor blacks. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Apartheid.html
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| | Apartheid and South Africa |
| | Under Apartheid, racist beliefs were enshrined in law and any criticism of the law was suppressed. | | | Transkei was one of the ten so-called black "homelands" (formerly "bantustans") created around the country since 1913, and was one of four that were nominally "independent" in 1982 when this photo was taken, although they were not recognized as such anywhere else in the world. | | | The United Nations condemned the creation of such areas as a means of consolidating the inhumane policies of apartheid, destroying the territorial integrity of the country, perpetuating white domination and dispossessing black people of their inalienable rights. |
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http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm
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| | CNN.com - Swiss jeer apartheid claim lawyer - June 17, 2002 |
| | He alleged the banks provided funds to the apartheid government between 1985 and 1993, when the regime was running short of cash because of United Nations sanctions. | | | CNN.com - Swiss jeer apartheid claim lawyer - June 17, 2002 | | | Fagan represented Holocaust victims and their heirs in the 1990s high-profile case against banks that had allegedly made it almost impossible for plaintiffs to recover money deposited for safekeeping as the Nazis swept across Europe. |
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http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/06/17/swiss.apartheid
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| | The Use of Computers to Support Oppression |
| | IBM continually asserted that the applications of their computers were not used to abridge human rights, despite acknowledgment that the uses to which their computers were put could not be known in all cases. | | | The significance of the role of U.S. computers in S.A. [was] not restricted to their use by repressive agencies of the government. | | | The Department of Prisons held political prisoners without trial, and used an IBM computer for "financial" purposes. |
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http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.comp.html
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| | Jubilee 2000: News: Swiss Government report admits culpability in supporting apartheid regime, reinforcing Jubilee 2000 ... |
| | The apartheid debt is estimated to be between $18 billion and $26bn, owed mainly to private banks in four creditor countries: Switzerland, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. | | | It has fuelled a major public debate about the role of both banks and the government in supporting the apartheid regime, and raised the profile of the issue of Swiss loans to prop up the apartheid state. | | | The issue of apartheid debt is likely to run and run. |
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http://www.jubilee2000uk.org/jubilee2000/news/swiss1410.html
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| | :: THE POWERFUL APARTHEID MUSEUM :: |
| | There are blown-up monolith figures in transparent cases of the descendants of the first people who came to the Witwatersrand, with their artefacts in cabinets on the wall beside them - you can leave your historical artefacts and have your photograph put in one of these cases. | | | dangling from the roof, 121 nooses representing the political prisoners hanged during apartheid; | | | a cage full of dreadful weapons that were used by the security forces to enforce apartheid. |
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http://www.joburg.org.za/november/apartheid.stm
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| | South Africa: The Making of U.S. Policy, 1962-1989 |
| | President Bush has encouraged President De Klerk to accelerate the repeal of apartheid laws, to engage in negotiations with representatives of the black majority, release political prisoners, and to end the state of emergency. | | | Following the Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960, the United States asserted, for the first time to the U.N. General Assembly, its "abhorrence" of South Africa's apartheid policies. | | | Soon thereafter, President Kennedy instructed U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson to vote in favor of an arms embargo against Pretoria. |
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http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/saintro.htm
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| | Apartheid in Israel |
| | But moral apartheid is ridden with paradox and absurdity, whereby Israel is the party required to compensate the Arabs for the plight that the Arabs inflicted on Israel. | | | As far as the apartheid loyalists are concerned, even the Kurds, who constitute a real nation of a unique ethnic, lingual and historical distinction, are not entitled to a state of their own. | | | At any rate, international apartheid stops at nothing in its fervent race to undermine the Jewish state. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/935581/posts
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| | Amazon.com: Books: Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa |
| | This is a riveting account of the end of apartheid and the birth of democracy in a society that should be, by all rights, engaged in civil war at this time. | | | Waldmeir, a journalist who was present in South Africa during almost every critical step of apartheid's dismantling, was also personally acquainted with the main players, Mandela, de Klerk, and Chief Buthelezi. | | | DE KLERK WATCHED, and admired, as the apartheid military celebrated the sheer naked power of the white state he would one day dismantle. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0393039978?v=glance
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| | Amazon.com: Books: South Africa's War Against Capitalism: |
| | The publisher's representative is correct is asserting that William's main objective is to defend capitalism against the charge that "apartheid is a result of capitalism". | | | He then highlights some of South Africa's legal institutions, particularly its racially discriminatory laws, and traces the historical forces behind racially discriminatory labor law. | | | Finally, Williams summarizes recent changes to apartheid laws and offers a general discussion of the lessons about racial relations that can be drawn from the South African experience. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/027593179X?v=glance
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| | MSN Encarta - Further Reading - Apartheid |
| | A study of the end of apartheid and the movement toward a government of national unity. | | | Collection of the archbishop of Capetown's sermons, speeches, and letters from 1976 to 1994; includes his Nobel Peace Prize speech. | | | An illuminating study of Mandela and de Klerk. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/readings_761561373/Apartheid.html
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| | Apartheid - Intro |
| | We thus need to have a firm grasp of the facts of the Apartheid system. | | | This letter must be addressed to a pen-pal in either the U.K. or the U.S. Your final product will consist in a folder containing the fictitious letter mentioned above - along with all worksheets and notes from this WebQuest. | | | We need to picture how people lived under Apartheid, how they worked, what their school and neighborhood were like, how they interacted with people from other ethnic groups. |
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http://lotte.udsen.person.emu.dk/Apartheid_intro.html
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| | Global Apartheid |
| | Like the proponents of apartheid before them, these companies acted to maintain the rules of a system that denies the value of black lives in favor of minority privilege. | | | Global apartheid thus defined, we believe, is more than a metaphor. | | | The result in Africa has been murder by patent. |
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http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010709/booker
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| | Not an "Apartheid Wall" |
| | The latest is a throwback to the '70s: Israel is accused of constructing an "apartheid wall" ― a term gaining currency in world media coverage of Israel's security fence. | | | So in the 1960s Israel was branded a "colonialist power," in the 1970s Israel became an "apartheid state," in the 1990s Israel practiced "ethnic cleansing," and at the Durban conference in 2001 the Jewish state was called "genocidal." | | | The security fence causes no transfer of population. |
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http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/Not_an_-Apartheid_Wall-.asp
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| | Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign: Fact Sheets |
| | This fact sheet considers the role of international institutions in their support and complicity for the system of Apartheid and ghettos being imposed upon the Palestinian people. | | | This fact sheet provides basic information on the Apartheid Wall including its length, path, and implications for life in Palestine and is also available in PDF. | | | Demonstrating the shared interests between the Zionist colonial project and global capital in the expulsion of Palestinians from their lands, this fact sheet provides a clear and concise critique of current efforts which seek to make a system of Apartheid sustainable. |
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http://stopthewall.org/news/factsheets.shtml
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| | Historical Documents Archive |
| | The crisis of apartheid and negotiations leading to democratic elections, 1986-1994 | | | This section contains documents produced by or about international bodies and individuals in support of the liberation struggle | | | A source of information on Africa and the struggle against apartheid |
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http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history
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| | Against Israeli Apartheid |
| | The end of apartheid stands as one of the crowning accomplishments of the past century, but we would not have succeeded without the help of international pressure--in particular the divestment movement of the 1980s. | | | The current divestment effort is the first, though certainly not the only, necessary move in that direction. | | | Each one is a step away from the safety deserved by the Israelis, and two steps away from the justice owed to the Palestinians. |
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http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020715/tutu
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| | NPR : South Africa, 10 Years Later |
| | Archbishop Desmond Tutu was one of the chief architects of South Africa's peaceful transition from the apartheid era to majority rule. | | | Ten years after South Africa's first democratic elections, Nelson Mandela is being hailed not just for ending apartheid but for setting the stage for a stable democracy -- and holding the country together through its faltering early years of majority rule. | | | Many former members of South Africa's apartheid era-military have found lucrative work selling their battle-ready skills to the highest bidders. |
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http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mandela
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| | Guardian Unlimited Special reports Apartheid in the Holy Land |
| | The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists. | | | And how did it come about that Israel was collaborating with the apartheid government on security measures? | | | Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Pinochet, Milosevic, and Idi Amin were all powerful, but in the end they bit the dust. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/comment/0,10551,706911,00.html
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| | Jubilee 2000: News: Apartheid Foreign Debt revealed by new research to be more than R100 billion, despite repeated ... |
| | According to Weibel, "the German and Swiss banks jumped into the breach in 1985 to rescue Apartheid." The level of their investment in South Africa increased during the Apartheid years after 1985, decreased at the onset of the negotiations process, and decreased further after the first democratic elections in 1994. | | | The recent findings on apartheid debt were made public at a Jubilee 2000 seminar on Apartheid-caused debt held at Khotso House on Thursday 26 November. | | | Kneifel raised the importance of going beyond the call to cancel Apartheid-caused debt and to extend this to a call on creditors to make reparations in the form of compensation for the victims of the Southern Africa region from the debts that have already been repaid. |
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http://www.jubilee2000uk.org/jubilee2000/news/apartheid1812.html
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| | Policy Statement: Apartheid |
| | Closing of schools as an instrument of control. | | | The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry joins the multitude of organizations and individuals who urged the removal of Apartheid policies as a government policy in South Africa. | | | The AACAP urges continued worldwide moral, political and economic opposition to end a policy that relegates the majority of a country's citizens to segregated and denigrated status. |
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http://www.aacap.org/publications/policy/ps11.htm
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| | WorldNetDaily: South Africa after apartheid |
| | From the liberal's point of view, it might even be racist to expect blacks to adhere to civilized standards of behavior. | | | Moral crusaders have the habit of heading off to their next crusade without bothering to see whether anything went wrong on their last one. | | | Liberals saw South Africa& apartheid and other human-rights abuses as unjust because blacks were suffering at the hands of whites. |
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http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25983
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| | The Apartheid Wall Campaign |
| | For more details about the Apartheid Wall, you can request a copy of Report #1, produced by the Apartheid Wall Campaign, which includes background, details, maps and links about the Apartheid Wall. | | | Rather, amidst some of the most fertile land in Palestine, this latest unilateral offensive will be a further exercise in Israel’s annexation of lands, destruction of agriculture and property, and violation of human rights. | | | Contrary to worldwide news reports, the Wall (also referred to as the “fence” or “security fence”) which Israel is currently building in the northeast of the West Bank, as well as in the Bethlehem and Jerusalem areas, will not mark the 1967 border, also known as the Green Line. |
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http://www.pengon.org/wall/fact.html
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| | UniMelb UGHB96 : 131-291 South Africa Under Apartheid, 1948 to 1994 |
| | A history of apartheid from 1948; the systematic enforcement of a racial ideology; life under apartheid for most South Africans; resistance to the apartheid state, especially by Black mass movements; the eventual end of the apartheid state. | | | UniMelb UGHB96 : 131-291 South Africa Under Apartheid, 1948 to 1994 | | | 131-291/391 "South Africa Under Apartheid, 1948 to 1994" appears differently in several places - choose the one you want: |
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http://www.unimelb.edu.au/HB/1996/Arts/131/131-291.html
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| | FILM REVIEW -- Wrenching `Inside' Story / Apartheid revisited in Arthur Penn film |
| | A university professor and son of a prominent South African father, Marty is also a militant who may have smuggled guns for an anti-government faction. | | | during apartheid, ``Inside'' begins in 1988, when apartheid was being gradually ``phased out.'' It takes place in a Johannesburg detention center where 30-year-old Marty Strydom, played by American actor Eric Stoltz, is being held by National Security police for conspiring to commit treason, sabotage and terrorism. | | | There's also the obvious polarity of Hawthorne, whose character embodies apartheid and all human evil, and Stoltz, who -- with his fierce convictions and pale, angelic face -- is Hawthorne's ideal prey. |
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http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/01/10/DD58718.DTL
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| | Step One:Apartheid |
| | writings inspired by apartheid including some primary sources. | | | Your group will need to research this topic, then prepare a 3-5 minute skit to be presented to your classmates. | | | Your skit must be historically and culturally accurate to realistically portray the situation. |
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http://www.bcpl.net/~sullivan/modules/apartheid/one.html
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