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| | Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | An Oration on the Banning of the Slave Trade - George Lawrence (1813) Commemorative address on the 5th anniversary of the legal ban on slave importation to the United States. | | | Denmark, a small player in the international slave trade, and the United States banned the trade during the same period as Great Britain. | | | That same year the United States banned the importation of slaves. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
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| | African slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The earliest external slave trade was the trans-Saharan slave trade. | | | The power of the Royal Navy was subsequently used to suppress the slave trade, and while some illegal trade, mostly with Brazil, continued, the Atlantic slave trade would be eradicated by the early 19th century. | | | See also Atlantic slave trade for the trans-Atlantic trade, and Islamic slave trade for the trans-Saharan trade. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade
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| | MSN Encarta - Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807, as did the United States in 1808. | | | Their efforts were aided by the egalitarian ideals of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799) and by such bloody slave rebellions as the Haitian Slave Revolt on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791. | | | As a result, slave populations in those areas continued to grow even after Britain and the United States abolished the importation of slaves in the early 1800s. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761595721_2/Atlantic_Slave_Trade.html
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| | The Slave Trade |
| | Provisions made for the "disposal" of confiscated slaves was not to "contravene" the laws of that specific state. | | | Abolition of the slave trade, although legally applicable to the entire United States, primarily affected the Southern states where slavery was still legal, because slaves were not usually brought to ports of a free state. | | | As we have seen from the case study of the 1808 law prohibiting the importation of slaves, the slave trade was an issue not easily defined and confronted. |
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http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/slave.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: a Forgotten Crime Against Humanity |
| | The act of conveying or attempting to convey slaves from one country to another by whatever means of transport, or of being accessory thereto shall be a criminal offence under the laws of the States Parties to this Convention and persons convicted thereof shall be liable to very severe penalties. | | | Likewise, every contract and treaty signed in the barter of African slaves, issuance of licenses, imposition of taxes and governmental lending of loans to private citizens to continue the exploitation of the slave trade demonstrates the intent of the parties to transport and trade African slaves. | | | Specifically, under the Convention, the Contracting Parties vow to "prevent and suppress the slave trade" and "to bring about, progressively and as soon as possible, the complete abolition of slavery in all its forms." Further, the Convention is silent as to retroactively penalizing involvement in the slave trade. |
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http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slavery05.htm
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| | New Georgia Encyclopedia: Atlantic Slave Trade to Savannah |
| | Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870 (1896; reprint, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1999). | | | The repeal of the ban on African slavery marked the beginning of Savannah's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Between 1784 and 1798, West African slaves accounted for 78 percent of slaves imported to Savannah. |
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http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-686
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| | Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | May 15: U.S. law makes slave trading piracy, punishable by the death penalty. | | | September 23: Great Britain and Spain sign a treaty prohibiting the slave trade: Spain agrees to end the slave trade north of the equator immediately, and south of the equator in 1820. | | | The French National Convention emancipates all slaves in the French colonies. |
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http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/timeline/atlantic.slave.trade.html
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| | Exploring Africa -> Students-> African History-> The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | About ½ million slaves (out of 15 million total) were sent to the southern part of the United States. | | | France, Holland, and the United States soon thereafter passed legislation banning the slave trade. | | | However, the population of slaves in the United States grew at a higher rate than it did in these other regions. |
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http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm7/B/stu_7Bactivityone.html
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| | BBC News AFRICA Focus on the slave trade |
| | Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 but a fierce debate in the United States, which stoked civil war between the abolitionist northern states and the pro-slavery south, delayed a unified resolution. | | | The slave trade contributed significantly to the commercial and industrial revolutions. | | | In Europe, slavery was often justified by the state on philanthropic grounds. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1523100.stm
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| | The Scourge of Slavery |
| | While the mortality rate for slaves being transported across the Atlantic was as high as 10%, the percentage of slaves dying in transit in the Trans Sahara and East African slave trade was between 80 and 90%! | | | One researcher, Ralph Austen calculated that between 1830 and 1861 imports of slaves to the Persian Gulf averaged 3700 to 3100 per annum. This same researcher noted that about 8855 slaves a year were retained as slaves on the East African coast as slaves of African slave masters. | | | The explorer, Heinrich Barth, recorded that a slave caravan lost 40 slaves in the course of a single night at Benghazi. |
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http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm
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| | Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Slave Kingdoms |
| | The cycle of slavery was perpetual; children of slaves would, by default, also be slaves. | | | The slaves could be released from servitude and join a family clan. | | | African rulers and merchants were thus able to tap into preexisting methods and networks of enslavement to supply European demand for slaves. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/slave_2.htm
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| | Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | A couple of additional points to be addressed are the Arab slave trade in Afrika, occurring almost 1,000 years prior to the European slave trade, and continues even today, and continental Afrikan slavery, which was part of the culture, but more humane and unlike the chattel slavery of the United States. | | | There is no way anyone can defend or justify Afrikan involvement in the slave trade, other than acknowledge that it is one of many historical facts that must be faced. | | | There is adequate evidence citing case after case of Afrikan control of segments of the trade. |
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http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm
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| | Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | It is not usually necessary to encrypt, in such discussions, the understanding that the slave trade was a crime against humanity, because it is assumed that historians know this. | | | On slave numbers, N'Diaye used to claim that 20 million slaves were shipped from Goree, 5 million of them to the United States. | | | Also the issue of African roles in slavery is not an issue to be silenced by P.C. but needs to be discussed as an essential part of the slave trade process. |
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http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html
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| | UWEC geography 111 Vogeler - West African Slave Trade Map |
| | Estimate the number of slaves that were brought to the southern United States and to all of the Caribbean islands from 1701 and 1810. | | | In response to this new form of slavery, the US Congress passed in 2000 the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, which protects slaves against their former owners. | | | Option read: Basil Davidson, The African Slave Trade. |
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http://www.uwec.edu/geography/Ivogeler/w111/slaves.htm
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| | The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | He synthesizes some of the key trends that historians have identified about the origins of the slaves, their gender distribution, the European countries involved, the numbers transported, and mortality rates among both slaves and crews. | | | The first section forms a brief overview of the Atlantic slave trade, numbering only 85 pages, tables and endnotes included. | | | Citation: Rachel Chernos Lin, "Review of Johannes Postma The Atlantic Slave Trade" Economic History Services, Aug 24, 2004, URL : http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0829.shtml |
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http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0829.shtml
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| | Slavery and the Slave Trade |
| | Slavery and the slave trade are prodigious historical processes to study in a one-quarter course. | | | The emphasis in this course is to understand some of the historiographical debates concerning slavery on both sides of the Atlantic and the slave trade which united them economically. | | | Julio Pinto Vallejos, "Slave Control and Slave Resistance in Colonial Minas Gerais, 1700-1750" Journal of Latin American Studies 17,1 (1985), 1-34. |
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http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/others/saslave.html
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| | Thoughts on the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Eru is not Slave: A Misuse of Terminology | | | Thoughts on the Atlantic Slave Trade: the Roles of Africans and the Issue of Apology for Slavery. | | | Gates does not caution himself on whether he has gone too far in defining this specific relationship between the worker and the employer as between slave and the white slave owner in America before abolition. |
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http://www.westafricareview.com/vol1.2/vol1.2a/naallah.html
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| | The Story of Africa BBC World Service |
| | This new transatlantic slave trade was very different from the kind of slavery that had existed before. | | | When the slaves were brought, the chiefs took a certain number for themselves and sold them to the buyers. | | | No slaves married their masters or mistresses in the Americas, although there were secret relationships, usually forced upon the slave. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter4.shtml
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| | HIAF 403: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Did the presence of European slave traders intensify slavery in | | | Why did they also seek to halt the involvement of other slave trading nations? | | | Discussion Topic: What is the difference between slave societies and societies with slaves? |
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http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~rtvinson/1051.htm
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| | African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism |
| | African slave trade and slave labor transformed the world. | | | (Oscar L. Beard, 24 May 1999): "explores the issue of African slave trading before contact and African participation in European slaving"): | | | Page from the Minutes of the Court of Directors of the East India Company, 25 Nov 1720: " |
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http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm
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| | African American Odyssey: Slavery--The Peculiar Institution (Part 1) |
| | Many abolitionists like Joshua Coffin argued that the existence of slavery in the United States constituted a real threat to public peace and security. | | | Foiled in their efforts by slave informers, about thirty-five African Americans were captured and hanged. | | | After the Chatworth overseer received a demanding letter of inquiry from Randolph, he answered on September 14, 1833, stating that he had whipped some of the slaves because they were idle or had escaped. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The European colonial enterprise was firmly based on African slavery, and historians have long acknowledged that the very creation of Capitalism as an economic system was inextricably intertwined with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the wealth generated by the slave trade and the labor of those enslaved peoples. | | | Scholars who study the black societies, cultural expressions, and political ideologies that formed and reformed in dynamic processes over the centuries of slavery and after emancipation, are sometimes struck by core similarities among the peoples of the black Atlantic world, and they are sometimes concerned with the variations and differences between these peoples. | | | From Colin Palmer, "African Slave Trade: The Cruelest Commerce," National Geographic 182.3 (1992), based on various sources. |
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http://www.unc.edu/depts/afriafam/AnniversaryConference/baw.htm
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| | HST 388: Africans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Bibliography of primary materials (and some secondary) dealing with the slave trade and its abolition. | | | HST 388: Africans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | | | Collection of images at the University of Virginia depicting the slave trade organized in catagories such as maps, slave ships and slave capture. |
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http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/bi/hst388-africa
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| | Ama A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | will review some of the literature on slavery and the slave trade and will center on two narratives. | | | Emmanuel Akyeampong at Harvard in his course on Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa and the Americas. | | | Manu Herbstein’s first novel, Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, is a meticulously researched historical novel that offers a vividly rendered picture of the atrocities of the slave trade. |
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http://www.nathanielturner.com/amastoryofatlanticslavetrade.htm
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| | African Slave System |
| | The merchants obtained the slaves from African chiefs by giving them goods from Europe. | | | , was captured and sold as a slave in the kingdom of Benin in Africa. | | | However, the demand for slaves become so great that raiding parties were organised to obtain young Africans. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade And Ghana |
| | It makes sense of the history lessons about the slave trade. | | | educate the public on the historical occurrence of the slave trade, is currently on at the National Museum in Accra. | | | Ghanaians, it seems, view the Trans-Atlantic slave trade as an unfortunate historical human calamity which must not be allowed to happen again. |
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http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/ghana.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | A brief review of the triangular trade with particular reference to recent statistics. | | | It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution - although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract labourers, which they called libertos or engagés à temps. | | | The transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas forms the middle passage of the triangular trade. |
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http://www.capoeira.co.za/index_files/arta1.htm
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| | Bibliography: Gender and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | "Women in Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade." In Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity. | | | Spirits of the Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Seventeenth Century. | | | Toledano, Ehud R. "Slave Dealers, Women, Pregnancy, and Abortion." (Revised as part of "Semsigul: A Circassian Female Slave in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cairo," In Slavery and Abolition: Studies in the Ottoman Middle East. |
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http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~roots/site/gender/beck.html
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Philip D. Curtin has estimated that 241,400 slaves were imported into the Americas in the 16th century, 1,341,100 in the 17th century, 6,051, 700 in the 18th century, and 1,898,400 between 1810 and 1870, for a total of 9,566,100. | | | He converted to Christianity, met William Wilberforce and became an abolitionist, wrote "Thoughts on the Slave Trade" in 1788, and was curator at Olney Parish in England when he died in 1897. | | | Amazing Grace by Bill Moyers (PBS, 1993) described the slave trade origins of the song, beginning with John Newton who was active in the Guinea coast trade 1745-54 and kept a daily journal. |
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http://history.acusd.edu/gen/civilwar/03/slavetrade.html
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| | Slavery in America |
| | Importantly, the practice of slavery had been in operation in Africa and in central Europe for centuries prior to the redirection of the trade to the Americas. | | | It is estimated that as many as 15 million people were transported as slaves, with unknown numbers dying enroute. | | | For a lesson dealing with the people involved in the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade, click here. |
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http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/geography/slave_trade.htm
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| | Essential America : Chapter 2 Topic |
| | Examine the trans-Atlantic slave trade and its implications using slave narratives, historical analyses, maps, and art. | | | The trans-Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to the Americas. | | | Consider the slave trade as a component of the North Atlantic trade triangle by linking to: |
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http://www.wwnorton.com/eamerica/ch2/topic.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | I was able to find out all about the Portuguese involvement in slave trading, the beginning in Europe and the travel to the Americas. | | | It gives you a short paragraph about what the Atlantic Slave Trade was and when it occurred. | | | We do not hear about what countries may have done to encourage it in the beginning nor do we hear about trading stories. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f4.htm
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| | Slavery Images |
| | This collection is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public - in brief, anyone interested in the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World. | | | It must be emphasized that little effort is made to interpret the images and establish the historical authenticity or accuracy of what they display. | | | The thousand images in this collection have been selected from a wide range of sources, most of them dating from the period of slavery. |
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http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery
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| | Atlantic History Seminar Slave Trade Workshop |
| | This two-day Workshop was devoted to analysis and interpretation of the Atlantic slave trade, focused on the new database of 27,224 slave voyages, 1562-1867, compiled under the sponsorship of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University. | | | The data set, representing voyages by all the major transatlantic carriers, covers approximately two-thirds of all voyages in the history of the trade and includes characteristics of the vessels, numbers of slaves, ports of departure and arrival, crew size, and other significant variables. | | | The Introduction to the CD-ROM, now scheduled for publication in mid-1999, has been made available online by Cambridge University Press in an Acrobat format. |
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http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~atlantic/sltrprog.html
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | This shows the account of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the form of a timeline. | | | It is an interesting site, but does not provide for to much detailed information on the Atlantic Slave Trade. | | | However, I did find this site a little more informative than others that I ran into(ex. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f6.htm
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| | Juneteenth.com - The Middle Passage - Tom Feelings |
| | Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. | | | Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' |
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http://www.juneteenth.com/middlep.htm
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