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| | Parliament of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The Constitution allows Parliament to determine the number of Senators by legislation, provided that the six original states are equally represented. | | | According to Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia, Parliament consists of the Queen of Australia, the House of Representatives (the "lower house"), and the Senate (the "upper house" or "house of review"). | | | Like the United States Senate, on which it was modelled, the Australian Senate includes an equal number of Senators from each state, regardless of population. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Parliament
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| | PEO resources: A short history of Parliament |
| | In both Australia and the USA, the Senate is based on states and senators are elected to represent the people of entire states. | | | When the United States adopted its constitution in 1789, the Congress was established consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. | | | Gavin Souter (1988) Acts of Parliament: a narrative history of the Senate and House of Representatives Commonwealth of Australia. |
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http://www.peo.gov.au/resources/history.html
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| | Australian Senate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This action in itself was a source of controversy and debate continues on the proper usage of the Senate's ability to block Supply and on whether it should exist. | | | List of longest-serving members of the Australian Senate | | | Rather than being modelled after the House of Lords, as the Canadian Senate was, the Australian Senate was in part modelled after the United States Senate. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate
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| | Parliament & Executive Essay Questions |
| | "Real power in the federal parliament resides in the Senate, since it is there that government legislation may be effectively challenged." Discuss. | | | "Parliament is often criticised as just a 'talking shop' with all decisions cut and dried; and that, except for giving members of the House and the Senate the opportunity to let off a bit of "steam" or "hot air", it serves little purpose as a forum for debate." Discuss this point of view. | | | It simply confirms decisions which have already been made elsewhere." Discuss with reference to both the House of Representatives and the Senate. |
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http://www.australianpolitics.com/parliament/essays.shtml
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| | Parliament - Encyclopedia of Political Information |
| | Closer in that regard to the British model is the Parliament of Canada, which consists of the House of Commons, the Senate and the Queen, represented by the Governor-General. | | | In the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975, the Australian Senate was able to force the then Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam, to leave office by refusing to pass the budget. | | | Unlike the House of Lords and the Canadian Senate, the Australian Senate is elected and has much more power than its British or Canadian counterparts. |
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http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Parliament.htm
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| | Australia As a Republic |
| | Section 1 of the Constitution states that the Legislative power of the Commonwealth is vested in a Federal Parliament which consists of 'the Queen, a Senate and a House of Representatives'. | | | The primary question for Australians to consider in the course of the republic debate is whether Australia should have an Australian citizen chosen by Australians as its head of state, or whether it should retain as its head of state the person who is monarch of the United Kingdom. | | | Nonetheless, the issue of whether Australia should have an Australian head of state is a discrete one, both logically and legally, and deserves consideration on its own merits. |
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http://www.irishaustralia.com/Australian/Government/ausrepublic.htm
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| | Niner Charlie: 06/01/2004 - 06/30/2004 |
| | The Australian Democrats have written to every member of the United States Senate asking them to block the Australia United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). | | | The Australian Democrats, as a minor party in the Australian Senate, will be unable to stop AUSFTA when the Australian Labor Party eventually comes to its senses and votes with the Government. | | | There is a war in progress, one that many in the West have largely chosen to ignore, particularly the Australian judge who decided that Jamal could be released on bail. |
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http://ninercharlie.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_ninercharlie_archive.html
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| | Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Some have seen expressed in the 1975 crisis a fundamental contradiction deriving from the Australian Constitution's melding of the principles of the Westminster system, with a dominant lower house that determines the government, and United States-style federalism, with a "state's chamber" (the Senate) with powers very nearly equal to those of the House of Representatives. | | | The crisis did precipitate one constitutional change, passed by referendum in 1977, to require that State Governments fill Senate vacancies with a member of the Party of the original holder of the seat. | | | Prior to the constitutional referendum of 1988, the convention responsible for deciding on which amendments would be put to a popular vote rejected a proposal to introduce an amendment to strip the Senate's power to block supply. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_constitutional_crisis_of_1975
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| | PEO resources: Parliament House: the building |
| | Senators in minor parties such as the Australian Democrats and the Greens as well as Independents sit on the cross benches closest to the camera. | | | The members and senators in the Parliament must be able to: | | | This means that a Commonwealth Parliament House must have two chambers, one larger than the other and with enough office accommodation for all Members and Senators. |
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http://www.peo.gov.au/resources/building.html
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| | Australia Now - Australia's System of Government |
| | Government is based on a popularly elected Parliament with two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. | | | Elected politicians rarely vote against their parties in Parliament. | | | The Australian Constitution sets out the powers of government in three separate chapters for the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, but insists that members of the executive must also be members of the legislature. |
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http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/sys_gov.html
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| | Resolving Deadlocks in the Australian Parliament (Research Paper 9 2000-01) |
| | The author states that significant political and constitutional problems still exist but that under present political conditions where there are minor party and independent Senators a double dissolution is less likely to resolve a deadlock one way or another than in previous years. | | | It is now a recurrent feature of the Australian Parliament that the government of the day usually does not have a majority in the Senate and that it has to engage repeatedly in negotiation with opposition parties or one or two independent Senators to modify Bills rather than have them rejected outright. | | | The six double dissolutions are described in J. Odgers, Odgers, Australian Senate Practice, Harry Evans, ed., 9th ed., Dept of the Senate, Canberra, 1999, chapter 3, albeit from the standpoint of a committed supporter of undiluted Senate strength. |
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http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/2000-01/01rp09.htm
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| | Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Unlike members of the House of Lords or the Canadian Senate, Australian Senators are directly elected, albeit on a rotational basis and in a manner that it is proportionally skewed in favour of states with smaller populations. | | | The constitution had been enacted in 1901, thus pre-dating the Parliament Act. | | | The Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 is generally regarded as the most significant domestic political and constitutional crisis in Australia's history. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_constitutional_crisis_of_1975
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| | The Whitlam Dismissal - November 11, 1975 |
| | It is difficult now to imagine the Senate being able to repeat its 1975 performance. | | | During the constitutional crisis precipitated by the Opposition's use of its Senate numbers to defer the Supply Bills in October, the Whitlam Cabinet took a decision not to provide funds for government Christmas cards. | | | The years 1972-1975 were a whirlwind of activity, controversy and change, culminating in the dramatic events of October 1975 when the coalition parties in the Senate used their numbers to delay passage of the government's Supply Bills. |
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http://whitlamdismissal.com
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| | Wikinfo Parliament |
| | In a similar fashion, the Australian Parliament consists of the House of Representatives, the Senate and the Governor-General as (nominally) the Monarch's representative (though in practice the Governor-General acts independently of the Monarch), although the Australian Senate is modelled after the United States Senate, not the House of Lords. | | | Closer in that regard to the British model is the Parliament of Canada, which consists of the House of Commons, the Senate and the Queen, represented by the Governor-General. | | | Unlike the House of Lords and the Canadian Senate, the Australian Senate is elected and has much more power than its British or Canadian counterparts. |
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http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Parliament
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| | Australian Law Sites: University of Waikato Law Library |
| | This service provides access to the Australian Senate Hansard, the Australian House of Representatives Hansard and a number of Senate Committee transcripts. | | | A site administered by the Australian Tax Office which provides: Taxation Rulings and Determinations; draft legislation and discussion papers; Media releases; forms; lists ATO publications.The legal database is a collection of legal and policy information. | | | Information on the structure and function of the Commission; full text of statutory rules of the AIRC, made under the Australian federal Workplace Relations Act 1996; forms; full text of major decisions of the Commission. |
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http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/resources/law/s_aus.shtml
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| | LLRX -- Update to Researching Australian Law |
| | The Head of Government, the Prime Minister, is the leader of the political party which can command a majority in the House of Representatives (the lower chamber in the Commonwealth Parliament, the Senate being the upper chamber). | | | Australian Current Law (Butterworths) and the Australian Legal Monthly Digest ( Lawbook) are available in print and CDROM and via their respective Web-based services. | | | Although this service is the source for much of the Commonwealth material, as well as some State and Territory legislation and case law, on AustLII, it may be more current in respect of those jurisdictions, and it also includes some of the external territories legislation, which is not available from AustLII at present. |
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http://www.llrx.com/features/australian2.htm
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| | Westminster system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Many political scientists have held that the Australian system of government was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and the United States systems of government, especially since the Australian Senate is a very powerful upper house. | | | For example, the Australian Senate maintains similar powers to those held by the US Senate or the British House of Lords, prior to 1911, to block supply to a party with a majority in the House of Representatives. | | | In exceptional circumstances the head of state may either refuse a dissolution request, as in the King-Byng Affair, or dismiss the government, as in the Australian crisis of 1975. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_System
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| | Articles - Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 |
| | Prior to the constitutional referendum of 1988, the convention responsible for deciding on which amendments would be put to a popular vote rejected a proposal to introduce an amendment to strip the Senate's power to block supply. | | | In the years afterwards, some Australian republicans have used the crisis as an argument for change, on the basis that Australia's current constitution is flawed over (a) the powers of the Upper House with regard to supply and (b) the lack of security of tenure of the Governor-General in dealing with a crisis. | | | The constitution had been enacted in 1901, thus pre-dating the Parliament Act. |
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http://www.1-helmets.com/articles/Australian_constitutional_crisis_of_1975
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| | Australian History |
| | Upper House (Senate): Similar to British House of Lords except the Australian model requires the members of the Senate to be chosen by public election (constituents). | | | In a campaign which was often emotional, Australians ultimately rejected the proposal by 54% - 46% and Australia remains a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as it's head of state. | | | From the outset the government's legislative program was met with constant resistance from hostile Senate and in 1974, an election was forced when the Senate blocked supply of funds to the government. |
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http://www.showroom.com.au/aushistory.htm
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| | Women in Parliament - Parliament of Victoria |
| | Ann Millar, Trust the women: Women in the federal parliament, Department of the Senate,Canberra, 1994. | | | Ironically, although Victoria was the last Australian State both to enable women to vote in parliamentary elections, and to allow them to be Members of Parliament; it had actually empowered women to vote just seven years after the opening of the first Parliament of Victoria. | | | The WCTU encouraged women to stand as independent candidates to specifically represent women. |
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http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/women.html
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| | Lawlink NSW: 3. Broadcase of a Sound Recording of the Proceedings of a Court or Commission |
| | The broadcast of proceedings of the Commonwealth Parliament is subject to strict guidelines which govern, for example, the periods during which proceedings shall be broadcast the allocation of broadcasting time between the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the re-broadcast of that part of the parliamentary proceedings concerning questions and answers. | | | 3.8 In 1983, there were 43 commercial radio broadcasting stations in operation in New South Wales, 28 radio broadcasting stations operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 14 “public” broadcasting stations and one broadcasting station operated by the Special Broadcasting Service. | | | A statistical analysis of television programs undertaken by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal over a nine week period in 1982-83 revealed that news and current affairs programs constituted 12.1 per cent of all television programs broadcast by metropolitan stations and 11.0 per cent of all programs broadcast by non-metropolitan television stations. |
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http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/pages/IP4CHP3
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| | ICL - Australia Index |
| | The Australian Parliament is bi-cameral and consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, the States' House. | | | The Australian Constitution contains no comprehensive Bill of Rights, but grants several express rights and freedoms, including, for example, a prohibition upon the Commonwealth to legislate with respect to religion (section 116 of the Constitution) and a freedom to engage in free interstate trade as guaranteed under section 92 of the Constitution. | | | However, the written constitution is not the only source for constitutional law in Australia: it is complemented by traditions, conventions and, last but not least, judicial precedents developed by the Australian Courts. |
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http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/as__indx.html
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| | WebLaw - Constitutional Law |
| | The Australian Constitution was drafted in the 1890s in an era where the framers were unable to foresee the advent of radio broadcasting, let alone other technological advances that would affect constitutional provisions such as ss 51(v) and 51(xviii). | | | The Egan cases have canvassed important issues relating to the powers and privileges of the Australian legislative chambers and the jurisdiction of courts to declare the content of such powers and privileges. | | | This Electoral Backgrounder is published by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) to assist intending candidates for election to the Parliament of Australia in understanding their obligations to ensure that they are legally qualified to nominate, in particular, that they... |
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http://www.weblaw.edu.au/weblaw/display_page.phtml?WebLaw_Page=Constitutional+Law
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| | Referendum 99 |
| | The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory also wants changes, while the Chief Minster of the Australian Capital Territory thinks the preamble question is a waste of time in comparison witn the republic issue. | | | Australians are free to be proud of their country and heritage, free to realise themselves as individuals, and free to pursue their hopes and ideals. | | | Both The Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald accompanied it with stories reporting or expressing rejection of it as lacking in style, as betraying the Convention's recommendation that the Preamble recognise Aboriginal 'custodianship' of the land, as insulting women with the reference to 'mateship' and as conceivably designed to derail the reform process. |
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http://www.law.mq.edu.au/Units/law309/referendum99.htm
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| | South Australian Sources : Contemporary sources |
| | Cave-Browne-Cave, W.C. Australian federation: notes of views, etc., expressed at the National Convention of 1891, and in the Parliaments of Victoria, New South Wales, and South Australia, 1891, 1892; also at the Bathurst Federal Convention, and by candidates and the press in connexion with the Convention to be held in Adelaide, 1897. | | | The Australian Commonwealth Bill: observations by J.H. Symon in reply to Chief Justice Way's attack upon the delegates and Mr Chamberlain's "compromise" as to Clause 74. | | | Speeches: (1) State rights and the Constitution of the Senate on 10th September, 1897; (2) Federal land taxation by Sir Josiah Symon in the Federal Convention and in the Senate. |
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http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/federation/sa_contemp.htm
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| | ICL - Australia Index |
| | The Australian Parliament is bi-cameral and consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, the States' House. | | | The Australian Constitution contains no comprehensive Bill of Rights, but grants several express rights and freedoms, including, for example, a prohibition upon the Commonwealth to legislate with respect to religion (section 116 of the Constitution) and a freedom to engage in free interstate trade as guaranteed under section 92 of the Constitution. | | | Under the federal regime, the Australian States have significant political powers which cannot be withdrawn or overridden unilaterally by the Commonwealth. |
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http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/as__indx.html
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| | ICL - Australia Index |
| | The Australian Parliament is bi-cameral and consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, the States' House. | | | The Australian Constitution contains no comprehensive Bill of Rights, but grants several express rights and freedoms, including, for example, a prohibition upon the Commonwealth to legislate with respect to religion (section 116 of the Constitution) and a freedom to engage in free interstate trade as guaranteed under section 92 of the Constitution. | | | To control the powers of the government of the day, especially in light of the ministers' ability to advise the repository of the executive power, the Australian Constitution sets out the system of responsible government according to which the ministers individually and collectively as cabinet are responsible to the House of Representatives. |
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http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/as__indx.html
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| | Migration Legislation Amendment (Further Border Protection Measures) Bill 2002 [No. 2] (Bills Digests 149, 2002-03) |
| | The Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 (the Excision Act) created a separate visa application regime applying to persons who arrive irregularly at certain places that are 'excised' from Australian territory for the purposes of the Migration Act 1958. | | | However, as these provisions of the reintroduced Bill could not, in the circumstances, have any legal effect, it could have been argued with some force that the Bill was not the same proposed law as that previously twice rejected by the Senate' (at p. | | | International human rights treaties are also relevant as they apply to all persons, aliens and citizens, in the territory of or subject to the jurisdiction of the State party. |
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http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/bd/2002-03/03bd149.htm
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| | Parish Patience Australian Immigration Law Update Newsletter May 2004 Issue No. 49 |
| | This Bill, along with the Migration Legislation Amendment (Procedural Fairness) Bill 2002, was referred to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee for enquiry and report. | | | Thus a permanent Australian resident may be removed from Australia without ever having been told why the Minister has exercised his or her discretion to cancel the visa. | | | So long as the child is born at a place within Australian sovereign territory, Parish Patience Immigration argues that the Minister for Immigration does not have the power under the Australian Constitution to remove or detain that child. |
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http://www.parishpatience.com.au/immigration/nl49.htm
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