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Encyclopedia: <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>

In the United States, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> generally refers to the provisions of the United States Constitution, as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.
Compare, for example, the written Constitution of the United States with British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>, which arises from multiple sources including Magna Carta, the common lawb>, and other customary sources.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> is the study of foundational laws that govern the scope of powers and authority of various bodies in relation to the creation and execution of other laws by a government.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Constitutional-law (1027 words)



United States <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the United States, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> refers "the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution" [1].
However, neither English common lawb> courts or continental civil lawb> courts generally have the power to declare legislation illegal or unconstitutional but only the power to interpret the lawb> itself.
The court later extended this review to relevant state laws—in order, for example, to determine whether a state lawb> conformed to the Contract Clause or (after the Fourteenth Amendment was added) whether a state had violated the Equal Protection Clause.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law (982 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia

<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> is the combined record of all the ways in which the constitution has been used to enforce laws and to deal with institutions and problems arising within a nation.
the lawb> governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including societies, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts.

http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9273789 (884 words)



Lawb> of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The lawb> of the United Kingdom consists of several independent legal systems which use common lawb> principles, civil lawb> principles, or both.
England, Wales and Northern Ireland use the common lawb> system, while Scotland uses a hybrid system which combines elements from the common lawb> and the civil lawb> system.
The Ecclesiastical courts and the Admiralty courts use civil lawb>.

http://www.bexley.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom (884 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Compare, for example, the written Constitution of the United States with British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>, which arises from multiple sources including Magna Carta, the common lawb>, and other customary sources.
The <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> may be the fact of interpreting a variety of text which may also be informed by history, custom and unwritten <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> conventions.
Of those nation-states that do have constitutions, not all are considered strictly written constitutions, as the laws that govern such issues may not be consolidated into one single constitution document or instrument.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law (370 words)



Liberty Library of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Classics

Confirmatio Cartarum (1297) — United Magna Carta to the common lawb> by declaring that the Magna Carta could be pled in court.
The Debates in the Several Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Jonathan Elliot (1836) — A collection of documents, including proceedings of the ratifying state conventions.
The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny, O. Brownson (1866) — Argument against secession, distinguishes the constitution of government from the underlying constitution of the society, and territorial from socialistic or egoistic democracy.

http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm (3653 words)



Canadian <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Documents

London Resolutions of 1866 and the Quebec Sign Lawb>, Bill 178 of 1988, as well as the Federal lawb> binding Parliament to use a self-imposed <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> amending formula.
Unlike the majority of countries whose basic lawb> derives from one document, Canada's basic lawb> derives not only from a set of documents known as Constitution Acts, but also a set of unwritten laws and conventions.
If you have a legal question regarding the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> validity of a lawb>, or any other legal questions, please consult a lawyer.

http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English (2858 words)



WebLaw - <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb>

The High Court on <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> : the 2001 term
The Australian Constitution was drafted in the 1890s in an era where the framers were unable to foresee the advent of radio broadcasting, let alone other technological advances that would affect <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> provisions such as ss 51(v) and 51(xviii).
Discusses whether the contemporary meanings of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> provisions, express or implied, are the same as their original meanings in 1900, when the Constitution was created; and the extent to which those original meanings are determined by the intentions of the people...

http://weblaw.edu.au/weblaw/display_page.phtml?WebLaw_Page=Constitutional+Law (7801 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb> and Abortion

As a result, the Court did not decide the substantive <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> issue of whether Connecticuts lawb> was unconstitutional or not.
Federal <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb> is, of course, the central point of concern for abortion issues.
Chief Justice Burger dissented holding that the court's opinion would "seriously invade the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> prerogatives of the States and regrettably hark back to the heyday of substantive due process." He held that there was a legitimate health purpose for the statute's doctor/pharmacist requirement and that therefore the married/single issue is not legitimately before the court.

http://members.aol.com/abtrbng/conlaw.htm (2260 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb>

In terms of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>, Parliament is the court of last resort.
Behind Marshall's reasoning was a conviction that he held to in all of his later rulings: since the Constitution is the supreme lawb> of the land, and since it is the duty of the Supreme Court to uphold the lawb>, two things clearly follow.
THE BRITISH SYSTEM It has often been said that in the United States the Constitution is what the Supreme Court says it is. In Great Britain, however, the Constitution is what Parliament says it is. The British Constitution is not a single document as is the case in the United States.

http://www.lectlaw.com/files/con08.htm (2260 words)



LII: Lawb> about...the Constitution

The broad topic of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> deals with the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution.
Article VI of The United States Constitution states that the "Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all treaties made or shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Lawb> of the Land." See The Supremacy Clause: U.S. Constitution, art.
The tenth Amendment specifically states that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/constitutional.html (955 words)



British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Also, much of British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> relies upon the royal prerogatives, unwritten <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> conventions and other customs; thus the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> of the United Kingdom and countries that were once part of the British Empire may have to be understood in the context of case lawb> that throws perspective on these many elements.
While it is said that United Kingdom's constitution is unwritten, it is, in fact, partly made up of many documents including such well known texts as the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Statute of Westminster 1931 and the various Acts of Union (1536-1543, 1707 and 1800).
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Constitution of the United Kingdom.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_constitutional_law (955 words)



New Jersey Lawb> Network (sm) ~ <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb>

Alerts on proposed laws and actions that the group alleges infringe first amendment rights.
A private non-profit organization dedicated to research and public education on the principles of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> republican government.
With Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 29, 1992.

http://www.njlawnet.com/conlaw.html (219 words)



United States <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb> - Wikipedia

In the United States, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> generally refers to the provisions of the United States Constitution, as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.
Or, when reviewing a decision of a state's highest court, the Court may avoid <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> decision making if the state court's decision is based on an independent and adequate state ground of lawb>.
However, neither English common lawb> courts or continental civil lawb> courts generally have the power to declare legislation illegal or unconstitutional but only the power to interpret the lawb> itself.

http://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Constitutional_Law (453 words)



Welcome to the Legal Information Institute

November 29 - Congressional Research Service report (pdf) on the U.S. Supreme Court's use of precedent: "the lawb> of stare decisis in <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> decision making can be considered amorphous and manipulable, and it is difficult to predict when the Court will rely on stare decisis and when it will depart from it.
December 20 - U.S. District Court finds the Dover, PA School District "intelligent design" curriculum to be unconstitutional: "The proper application of both the endorsement and Lemon tests to the facts of this case makes it abundantly clear that the Boards ID Policy violates the Establishment Clause.
See CRS Annotated Constitution on the the First Amendment

http://www.law.cornell.edu (1144 words)



Florida <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb>

<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> is a broad and complex area of legal specialization.
In <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>, more than in any other area of lawb>, there is a great deal of interpretation of the original documents.
While the relationship among the three federal branches and between the federal government and the states is interesting and important, the most relevant aspect of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> for the consumer is the rights guaranteed to all citizens by the amendments to the Constitution.

http://www.weblocator.com/attorney/fl/law/constit.html (1144 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>

Compare, for example, the written Constitution of the United States with British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>, which arises from multiple sources including the Magna Carta, the common lawb>, and other customary sources.
Other types of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> also exist, such as confederations, in which a group of nation-states each with its own sovereignty create a common body to deal with certain common issues in which limited powers are transferred to the confederation authority, common in custom unions.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> is the study of foundational laws that govern the scope of powers and authority of various bodies in relation to the creation and execution of other laws by a government.

http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/co/constitutional_law.html (518 words)



Articles - Lawb> of Australia

The most important lawb> of Australia is the Constitution of Australia, which describes Australia´s system of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy, and forms the basis for the government of Australia.
Laws passed by the Parliament of Australia, and common lawb> made by federal courts (such as the High Court of Australia) are federal laws, and apply to the whole of Australia.
The lawb> of Australia consists of the Australian common lawb> (which is based on the English common lawb>), federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Australia, and laws enacted by the Parliaments of the Australian states and territories.

http://www.centralairconditioners.net/articles/Law_of_Australia (745 words)



Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia British politics -

The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed by a democratic <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy.
The constitution is largely unwritten, being made up of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> conventions, and various elements of statutory lawb> and common lawb> which are collectively referred to as British <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>.
This contrasts with a federal system, in which sub-parliaments or state parliaments and assemblies have a clearly defined <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> right to exist and a right to exercise certain constitutionally guaranteed and defined functions and cannot be unilaterally abolished by Acts of the central parliament.

http://www.kids.net.au/encyclopedia-wiki/br/British_politics (745 words)



[No title]

Actually this is the enhancement of the principles of the 1867 <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Act whose section 133 claimed the equality of French and English languages and, I quote, the fact that "the Acts of Parliament of Canada and of the legislation of Quebec shall be printed and published in both languages".
Canadian <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> is has often been considered as a model for countries like Australia in the elaboration of their own constitution.
But with the implementation of the 1982 <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Act, the sovereignity of parliaments (that is Federal, Provincial and State parliaments) was severly affected.

http://www.chez.com/bibelec/publications/droit/canada.html (745 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention

The convention was changed to formal lawb> by the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution.
While Britain does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of legal instruments that have developed into a body of lawb> known as <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> has existed for hundreds of years.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> conventions differ from formal <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> amendmentconstitutional amendments/ in that they are created over time, and it may be difficult or impossible to identify when a <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention has come into effect or sometimes even what the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> conventions are.

http://www.infothis.com/find/Constitutional_convention (745 words)



Hexapedia - Constitution

An example from the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> of nation-states would be a provincial government in a federal state which may not have authority over banking under the federal constitution, so any laws the provincial parliaments pass regarding banking will be considered void or ultra vires of that parliament's <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> authority.
Possibly the most common usage of 'constitution' is to describe a single, written, fundamental lawb> that defines how a nation or a subdivision is governed, legislation is passed, power and authority are distributed, and how they are limited.
The United States Constitution of 1787 (ratified 1789), heavily influenced by the writings of Polybius, Locke, Montesquieu, and others, is often considered the oldest codified constitution, and in any case remains the oldest such document still in effect.

http://www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/Constitution (745 words)



Constitution of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

But a number of references in the Constitution make it clear that the authors assumed that the Queen of the United Kingdom, as head of the British Empire, would stand at the head of Australia's <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> system, although her powers are delegated by the Constitution to the Governor-General of Australia as her representative.
The text of the Constitution was originally a schedule to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (in full, An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
A number of cases before the High Court of Australia, which has the authority to interpret <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> provisions, have also had an influence on the development of the Constitution.

http://www.hackettstown.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Constitution_of_Australia (745 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>>

In the first category—customary and unwritten constitutions—is the British constitution, which is contained implicitly in the whole body of common and statutory lawb> of the realm, and in the practices and traditions of the government.
The term usually refers to the alteration of a statute or a constitution, but it is also applied in parliamentary lawb> to proposed changes to a bill or motion under consideration, and in judicial procedure to the correction of errors.
Drawn up at the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, the Constitution was signed on Sept. 17, 1787, and ratified by the required number of states (nine) by June 21, 1788.

http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/constitutional (1180 words)



Encyclopedia4U - <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy - Encyclopedia Article

Most modern <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchies operate under a written fundamental or organic lawb> known as a constitution, which strictly defines the roles possessed by the head of state, the executive, legislature and judiciary.
A <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy is a form of government established under a <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as a Head of state).
In a <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy the post of the head of state is usually passed (by some form of primogeniture) within a royal family.

http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/c/constitutional-monarchy.html (1718 words)



Australian Public Lawb>

The clearest examples of the way in which the proportionality test is applied in relation to <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> guarantees and freedoms is provided by recent case lawb> on Constitution section 92.
In characterising a lawb> to determine whether it is supported by a particular non-purposive head of legislative power, the High Court looks at the direct, formal legal operation of a lawb> in a quite legalistic manner.
The lawb> was said to be supported by the aliens power and the immigration power, although its direct formal legal effect was not on aliens or immigrants but rather on Australian citizens who wished to give them advice and assistance.

http://www.ntu.edu.au/faculties/lba/schools/Law/apl/Constitutional_Law/proportionality.htm (6352 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention - encyclopedia article about <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention.

<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention (political custom) <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state.
In the case of nation states, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines its nation's fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.
A limited <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> convention is called to revise an existing constitution.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/constitutional%20convention (6352 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch

A <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchy is a form of government established under a <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state.
Modern <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchies usually implement the concept of trias politica, and have the monarch as the (symbolic) head of the executive branch.
Although current <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> monarchies are mostly representative democracies, this has not always historically been the case.

http://encyclopedia.worldsearch.com/constitutional_monarchy.htm (6352 words)



ALIEN - LoveToKnow Article on ALIEN

Many of the disabilities to which aliens were subject in the United Kingdom, either by the common lawb> or under various acts of parliament, have been repealed by the Naturalization Act 1870.
In the United States the separate state laws largely determine the status of an alien, but subject to Federal treaties.
English lawb>, save with the special exceptions mentioned, admits to the character of subjects all who are born within' the king's allegiance, that is, speaking generally, within the British dominions.

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AL/ALIEN.htm (6352 words)



- Research Note - The Sources Of <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> Lawb>

<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb> endows the State's institutions with political power, specifies the procedures through which political power may be exercised and provides for limits to official uses of power.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> theory, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> principle, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>constitutionalb>bb>>bb>bb>>> lawb>: the progressive hardening of one into the other takes place in the daily work of a nation's political institutions, especially under conditions of stress.
For example, the lawb> of Parliamentary privilege (the implied powers necessary for operating the Parliamentary institution) or the prerogatives of the Crown (the powers inherent in the Crown and so far unextinguished) are to be found in judicial decisions.

http://www.constitutional-law.net/divisionsample.html (6352 words)

Topic: Constitutional <b><b>law</b><

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