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| | Legalism (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Legalism is an approach to the analysis of legal questions characterized by abstract logical reasoning focusing on the applicable legal text, such as a constitution, legislation, or case law, rather than on the social, economic, or political context. | | | In its narrower versions, legalism perpetuates the notion that the pre-existing body of authoritative legal materials already contains a uniquely pre-determined "right answer" to any legal problem that may arise; and that the task of the judge is to ascertain that uniquely predetermined answer by an essentially mechanical process. | | | In this context, "legalism" here can bear the meaning of "political philosophy that uphold the rule of law" and thus, distinguished from the word's Western sense. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(philosophy)
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| | Legalism |
| | In Legalism, the law code was written out and made public. | | | So although many parts of Legalism seem to make good sense (such as equality under the law, and government according to merit), memories of the abuse of the law under the Qin has kept Legalism in a bad light throughout Chinese history. | | | The ruler and his ministers were simply parts of the state machine--a machine which would ideally run so well that no matter how unworthy the ruler was, the laws would still keep the state going. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Springs/6339/Legalism.html
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| | Trinity Foundation: Explaining God, man, Bible, salvation, philosophy, theology. |
| | This is also a very popular misunderstanding of legalism, and it frequently leads to accusing anyone with scruples about obeying God’s law of being a legalist. | | | One common misunderstanding of legalism is that one is a legalist only if one tries to obey, or insists that others obey, man-made laws. | | | But scrupulosity about God’s law is not necessarily legalism; what makes keeping God’s law legalistic is the wrong motive for keeping the law. |
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http://www.trinityfoundation.org/journal.php?id=112
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| | Han Feizi |
| | The rectification of the legal system requires that rewards and punishments be administered to individuals who deserve them, and that they not be administered to individuals who do not deserve them. | | | However, Han Feizi argues that the best method of promoting social justice and harmony is not to act benevolently and righteously but is to rectify the legal system and strictly enforce all civil laws. | | | If a ruler has established an effective and properly administered legal system, then rewards and punishments will be correctly administered according to civil law and no further intervention by the ruler will be required in order for society to be peaceful and orderly. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/md2/timewarp/hanfeizi.html
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| | Legalism |
| | The viciousness of the Ch'in dynasty served to discredit Legalism. | | | Shang Yang was particularly important for the development of legalism since it was he who served as governor of the state of Ch'in and strengthened it to the extent that it was able to unify China in the following century. | | | Other figures associated with an early form of legalism are Shang Yang (d. |
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http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/china/legal.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Both philosophy-based legalism and tradition-based legalism are human inventions "according to the elemental spirits of the universe" (as in Galatians 4:3,9). | | | As opposed to transformation by faith in the power of the Spirit, every form of legalism demands that we make ourselves right by human rules and self effort. | | | 2:14 - We also know that we are no longer under "the record that stood against us with its legal demands," which is exactly what legalism is. |
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http://www.brow.on.ca/Books/Colossians/Col03.htm
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| | Ge Hong [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Due to this situation, Ge complained that officials, no matter what their level, no longer understood the laws, hence they often issued incorrect judgments and were deceived by their more legally savvy underlings. | | | Men who primarily specialized in legal matters were slighted and only given clerical positions. | | | Consequently, he thought that aspirants to officialdom should be tested not only on the Confucian classics, but also on the law. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gehong.htm
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| | The Useless Tree: A Legalist Market Solution for Contemporary China? |
| | providing a clear legal framework for economic transactions), we should keep in mind that it was Legalists who advocated state monopolies in salt and iron. | | | He has a good point here, and Legalism is certainly known for emphasizing consistent application of the law. | | | It was just the category of "Legalism" that made me question things. |
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http://uselesstree.typepad.com/useless_tree/2005/09/a_legalist_mark.html
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| | Chinese Philosophy - Legism or Legalism (www.chinaknowledge.de) |
| | Legism or legalism is a state philosophy that was scorned by the Confucians but won over by the foundation of the Chinese empire and deeply influenced the Chinese state that was nominally Confucian. | | | By these measures, states adopting legist practices were able to become stronger than their neighbors and to win hegemony over the feudal states of the Warring States era, first Qi é½, later Qin 秦 that finally founded the first empire of China. | | | Encoding: Unicode (UTF-8) [Location: HOME > Legism or Legalism] |
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http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/legism.html
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| | Scenes from Legal Ethics Classrooms |
| | Are lawyers and students of law lovers of philosophy or disdainful of it? | | | In what sense is the philosophy of the lawyer rooted in what is sometimes called "legalism"? | | | What is it about being a lawyer that makes it not only a job but a philosophical world-view? |
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http://www.wvu.edu/~lawfac/jelkins/pr-03/philosophy/aa_exercise.html
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| | Legalism |
| | 208 B.C.) and Chao Kao, the Legalism of the Ch'in dynasty (221-207) involved a uniform totalitarianism. | | | In practice, under legalists such as Li Ssu (d. | | | But it is not so easy to dismiss Legalism as this short, anomolous, unpleasant period of totalitarianism in Chinese history, for the Legalists established ways of doing government that would profoundly influence later governments. |
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http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CHPHIL/LEGALISM.HTM
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| | [No title] |
| | C Legalism Legalism emerged as the dominant philosophy in the state of Qin (Ch’in) during the chaotic years of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. | | | All personal freedom was subordinated to their objective of creating a strong state under a ruler of unlimited authority. | | | Legalism proved an effective instrument in creating a powerful and totalitarian military and economic machine in the state of Qin. |
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http://individual.utoronto.ca/leosilenieks/philo/chinese.html
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| | Chinese Cultural Studies: Han Fei: Selections from The Writings of Han Fei (c. 230 BCE) |
| | Han Fei was a prince of the stare of Han who defected to its chief rival, the state of Qin, but eventually he ran afoul of Qin's chief minister, Li Si (d. | | | Such was the reason why the early kings esteemed Legalism and handed it down to posterity. | | | Should the lord of men discard law and practice selfishness, high and law would have no distinction. |
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http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/hanfei.html
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| | A History of Muslim Philosophy |
| | This is not to say that Confucian civilization was not a creative and remarkable civilization in many areas; it is merely an endeavour to point out why a certain type of mind did not flourish. | | | Just as civilizations have cramped the individual by a preponderant religious or materialistic orientation, so the same cramping may occur when social utility is made the absolute measure of value. | | | For the Legalists, the answer was impersonal law in the place of personal ethics or moral principles. |
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http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hmp/5.htm
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| | The Confucius - Han Fei Tzu Question by Aurpon Bhattacharya |
| | Ideally Legalism acts as a uniting force in a disunited country and then, once the people have been brought together, Confucianism leads to a flourishing society. | | | This brings us to Han Fei Tzu, the propagator of Legalism. | | | And it is through due consideration of his people, through ren, that the monarch must rule. |
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http://www.boloji.com/spirituality/058.htm
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| | legalism - OneLook Dictionary Search |
| | legalism : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info] | | | legalism : The Wordsmyth English Dictionary-Thesaurus [home, info] | | | legalism : Webster's Revised Unabridged, 1913 Edition [home, info] |
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http://www.onelook.com/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=legalism
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| | Amazon.ca: Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials: Books |
| | Amazon.ca: Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials: Books | | | Top of Page : Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials | | | Look for books like Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials by subject: |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674523512
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| | Ethics of Legalism, Qin Empire and Han Dynasty by Sanderson Beck |
| | His consent was required for capital punishment, and he implemented numerous other legal reforms such as appointing special judges for difficult cases, pardoning those hiding relatives, investigating deaths in prison, exempting the elderly from punishment in most cases, and searching for and reporting unjust trials. | | | Instead of punishing corrupt officials, he allowed them to resign. | | | The commentaries on the teachings of Lao-zi in the Han Fei-zi may have been by his followers in an era when legalism was trying to survive by merging with Daoism. |
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http://www.san.beck.org/EC16-Legalism.html
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| | earlychina |
| | Ch'in unifying dynasty but a cruel one, with severe laws; legalism put human laws above any ethic derived from Heaven. | | | Believed true peace required a strong state and a united country. | | | Yet for all the abuses heaped on Legalism, its legacy of administrative and criminal laws did become part of Chinese government. |
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http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/earlychina.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Thus he created State Confucianism which meant that the state was ruled economically and militarily by Legalism but socially by Confucian ideals. | | | The doctrine of Legalism was adopted by the state that eventually gained control and ended the Warring States Era. | | | Legalism emphasized agriculture, constant warfare, government monopoly, stringent laws with harsh punishments, and rewards for those who serve loyally. |
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http://newton.uor.edu/facultyfolder/jeremy_anderson/teach/320z_confucianism.doc
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| | More on Eastern Philosophy |
| | Morality was not important; adherence to the letter of the law was paramount. | | | As a philosophy, Deng's chief contribution was to reject the supremacy of theory in interpreting Marxism and to argue for a policy of seeking truth from facts. | | | Legalism advocated a strict interpretation of the law in every respect. |
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http://www.artilifes.com/eastern-philosophy.htm
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| | Chinese philosophy - Free Encyclopedia |
| | Mohist schools, such as the Logicians, were largely quashed during the short Qin Dynasty, where Legalism was the official philosophy. | | | Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period (the so-called 百家 (bai3 jia1; "100 schools"), the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism (often spelled "Taoism"), Mohism and Legalism. | | | When the Communist Party took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, but their influence on Chinese thought remains. |
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http://www.wacklepedia.com/c/ch/chinese_philosophy.html
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| | China: philosophies and religions |
| | Nirvana changed from a state of non-existence to the state of heaven. | | | It is the only philosophy that emphasizes individual behavior rather than government. | | | This article will explain some philosophies and some religions of China. |
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http://ma.essortment.com/chinareligions_rwnh.htm
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| | Classical Chinese Philosophy Homepage |
| | The harshest of China's major philosophies, Legalism places the rule of law above all else. | | | Their efforts culminated in various philosophies, which were mainly blueprints for government which would hopefully bring the land out of chaos and back under a stable, unified rule. | | | Amazingly, these three major schools of thought all originated in one 200-year period of time, the Warring States period of Chinese history. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Springs/6339/philosophy.html
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| | Philosophy 100: Hegel's Philosophy of History |
| | They seek to deduce laws of right and obligation from the essence of the absolutely free subject. | | | On the other hand, his philosophy is not that of any particular State that has existed in history.... | | | Legality is heteronomy; it is obedience by compulsion to a law that goes beyond us and that does not come from us. |
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http://sweb.uky.edu/~rsand1/phi100/hegel.html
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| | Antonio S. Cua (ed.) - Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy - Reviewed by Manyul Im, California State University, Los ... |
| | The entry titled âLegalism,â for example, lists six contrasts between Confucianism and Legalism. | | | Indeed, attempts to define Legalism very quickly devolve into either arbitrary or controversial assumptions about the identity of these other schoolsâ”bringing in their wake larger questions about the aptness of âschoolâ identity for many older texts at all. | | | The addition of âPhilosophy ofâ to these entry titles is distracting, and the reason why these and not others carry the appendage is opaque. |
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http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=1352
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| | Legalism -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | The school of Chinese philosophy known as Legalism attained prominence during China's Warring States period (481–221 BC). | | | The model of a pious person is depicted in the righteous one of Psalm 5, “his delight is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he meditates day and night.” In the Hellenistic period (c. | | | Chinese statesman who utilized the ruthless but efficient ideas of the political philosophy of Legalism to weld the warring Chinese states of his time into the first centralized Chinese empire, the Ch'in dynasty (221–206). |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047627?tocId=9047627
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| | Chinese Philosophy Page - Fa Jia or Legalism |
| | Chinese Philosophy Texts - Fa Jia or Legalism | | | Chinese Philosophy Page - Fa Jia or Legalism | | | The Chinese Cultural Studies site has some translations of a few passages and also discusses Hanfei Zi. |
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http://members.iinet.net.au/~saandss/chinesephilosophy/fajia.html
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| | NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Han Feizi |
| | Thus, the law must severely punish any unwanted action, while at the same time reward those who follow it. | | | Himself a part of the aristocracy, Han Feizi was born into the ruling family of the state of Han during the end phase of the Warring States Period (&;, zhan guo). | | | Han Feizi's philosophy experienced a renewed interest under the rule of the Communist Party during the leadership of Mao Zedong, who personally admired some of the principles laid out in it. |
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http://pedia.nodeworks.com/H/HA/HAN/Han_Feizi
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| | Ancient Dynasties: II |
| | The Legalists exalted the state and sought its prosperity and martial prowess above the welfare of the common people. | | | Legalism became the philosophic basis for the imperial form of government. | | | When the most practical and useful aspects of Confucianism and Legalism were synthesized in the Han period (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), a system of governance came into existence that was to survive largely intact until the late nineteenth century. |
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http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/ancient2.html
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| | Taoism and Legalism, Outreach World |
| | This unit includes short readings introducing Taoism and Legalism. | | | An introduction to Taoism and Legalism, two important schools of thought in existence during the time of Confucius. | | | Taoism had a role to play in the shaping of the Chinese imagination and Legalism in the later evolution of the Confucian practice of government. |
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http://www.outreachworld.org/resource.asp?Curriculumid=116
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| | The Daoism-Taoism Philosophy |
| | Hanfeizi wrote extensively on Legalism, whereas he was the first person interpreting Laozi in writings. | | | Confucius had visited Laozi three times; it is arguable that he had been influenced considerably by Laozi. | | | Sunzi(Sun Tzu), who was said to be once taught by Laozi personally, has established himself as a great military strategist. |
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http://www.daoism.net
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| | The Colossian Heresy |
| | Jewish legalism — dissident liberalism — or pagan superstition? | | | The presence of the article in the original ("through the philosophy") indicates that the Colossian heretics used that term for their teaching, perhaps for credibility (as did Philo and Josephus), and that the Colossian members also knew it or referred to it by the same name. | | | Paul was not denouncing philosophy in general, but the deceit that this particular philosophy entailed. |
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http://www.wcg.org/lit/bible/epis/colossian.htm
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| | Overview of Russian Philosophy |
| | See brief outlines of the four Russian thinkers' major ideas: | | | In the Soviet State, philosophy, more than anywhere else in history, became a supreme legal and political institution, acquiring the power of a superpersonal, universal reason, which in its unrestricted dominion was equivalent to madness--since, being a State philosophy, it ruthlessly victimized individual thinkers. | | | Russian philosophy laid a foundation for the criticism of rationalism, objectification, and "essentialism" - the metaphysics of general laws which was indifferent to individuality. |
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http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/rus_thought_overview.html
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| | Perennial Philosophy |
| | " The best that can be said for ritualistic legalism is that it improves conduct. | | | First: the phenomenal world of matter and of individualized consciousness--the world of things and animals and men and even gods--is the manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities have their being, and apart from which they would be non-existent. | | | According to Huxley, one of the problems with religions is their tendency to degrade into "ritualistic legalism", or literal worship of long dead personalities and dogmas. |
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http://www.mysticmissal.org/perennial_philosophy.htm
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| | The Philosophies & Religions of China: An Annotated Directory of Internet Resources |
| | [and] related writings about Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism and some reflections on Asian values, human rights and rule of law" | | | Philip Clart's bibliography of Western language works on Chinese popular religion published since 1995, arranged in 20 subject categories | | | Chinese Philosophy 700 B.C.-A.D. Yoav Ariel's bibliographical list of printed material |
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http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/china-phil.html
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| | Movements Philosophy Society English LoCuaL |
| | ▶ Legalism, Chinese: English Society Philosophy Eastern Philosophy History Legalism | | | ▶ American Transcendentalism: English Society Philosophy History of Philosophy 19th Century American Transcendentalism | | | ▶ St. Louis Hegelians: English Society Philosophy History of Philosophy 19th Century St. Louis Hegelians |
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http://locual.com/D/Idioma/English/Society/Philosophy/Movements
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| | Philosophy??? - BioWare's Official Jade Empire Site |
| | Legalism: The character would work toward merciless justice. | | | Because making this many paths would be hard for a game, I'm thinking there should be a good and evil version of each path, and that all the evil paths should only have very small differences, as should all the good paths. |
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http://jade.bioware.com/forums/viewtopic.html?topic=431545&forum=79
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| | Legalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Legalism in Christian theology is a pejorative term referring either to the imposition of excessive religious rules of behavior (also known as letterism) or to a system of meriting salvation through doing good works, something the Apostle Paul denied was possible (Ephesians 2:8-9). | | | a school of Korean legal thought originating in the Joseon Dynasty era. | | | This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(disambiguation)
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| | legalism |
| | ) (in Chinese philosophy) the principles and practices of a school of political theorists advocating strict legal control over all activities, a system of rewards and punishments uniform for all classes, and an absolute monarchy. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/legalism
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| | Philosophy Reference |
| | Efforts made by the editors to create a uniform general level of presentation, no mean task given the 1,300 contributors, shows some promise. | | | The decision was that the present work should be a dictionary of terms, and information about philosophers should be introduced to the extent it is relevant to the terms used as entries. | | | philosophy significantly tracing back to the Greco‑Roman world and predominantly practiced in France, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and their geographical areas of influence on the planet, e.g. |
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http://www.sirreadalot.org/philosophy/philosophy/philosophyreferenceR.htm
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| | Philosophy Resources on the Web |
| | Philosophical Gourmet Report -- Ranking of philosophy programs in the United States and the Commonwealth based on a number of survey measures. | | | Animal Rights Law Project -- The materials on this website include selected documents from some of the legal and regulatory actions, including those related to: the right of a student to object to vivisection or dissection in the classroom, hunting and wildlife issues, hunter harassment, wild horses, animal sacrifices, and animal care committees. | | | Alex, a Catalog of Electronic Texts on the Internet -- This collection of digital documents may be searched, displayed and downloaded. |
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http://www.lib.iastate.edu/collections/eresourc/philosop.html
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| | Seed Church |
| | I don't believe the problem with Fundamentalist philosophy is primarily legalism. | | | Control was a major part of the schools philosophy with both its students and other churches. | | | Adding to law is called "deceptive philosophy" and unable to keep someone from "sinful indulgence" (Col. 2:8ff). |
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http://www.dyingtolive.org/blog
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| | RevolutionaryLeft.com -> legalism |
| | Legalism is the philosophy that all people are greedy and untrustworthy and that strict punishments must be administered to maintain order. | | | I wonder if Stalin got his ideas from Legalism. | | | Now what I wanna know is whether you think it relates to Stalinism or not? |
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http://www.revolutionaryleft.com/index.php?showtopic=5750
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| | Philosophy or Christ - John MacArthur |
| | Paul will be dealing with these four elements: Philosophy, Legalism, Asceticism, and Mysticism. | | | So there was a conglomeration of human philosophy, legalism, mysticism, and asceticism. | | | That is not an easy term to determine because there are several possibilities. |
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http://www.biblebb.com/files/MAC/sg2141.htm
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| | Philosophy 102B |
| | Eastern philosophy makes use of many terms unfamiliar to many American students, so there will also be a need to master a rich, new vocabulary. | | | In addition, students are encouraged to review their accommodation requirements with each instructor during the first week of the quarter. | | | More specifically, we will study the historical origins and beliefs of the philosophies found in traditions such as Vedic ritual, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism. |
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http://www.bcc.ctc.edu/ArtsHum/materials/phil/Storey/145syllwin03.htm
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| | Confucius - Famous Ancient Chinese People - Chinese |
| | His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, and justice and sincerity. | | | While he supported the idea of the all-powerful Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his philosophies contained a number of elements to limit the power of the rulers. | | | These values gained prominence in China after being chosen among other doctrines (such as Legalism (philosophy)Legalism or Taoism) during the Han dynasty. |
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http://www.famouschinese.com/people/Confucius
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