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| | Laws of war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | During conflict, punishment for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in reprisal. | | | It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive uniform or other easily identifiable badge and the carrying of weapons openly. | | | held, under the guidelines Nuremberg Principles, that treaties like the Hague Convention of 1907, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether or not the party was a signatory to the specific treaty. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war
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| | Nuremberg War Crime Trials - The International Military Tribunal |
| | The court itself was to determine the locale for the subsequent trials. | | | On 218 days of trials, testimony from 360 witnesses was introduced, some verbal, some written, some (236 witnesses) from the court itself, some from judges assigned to take testimony. | | | What is known as the "Krupp Trial" took place before a US military court in Nuremberg in 1948. |
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http://www.justiz.bayern.de/olgn/imt/imte.htm
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| | Reconsidering the Nuremberg Trials |
| | In fact, in the Malmedy case, the only evidence before the court, upon which the convictions and sentences were based, consisted of the statements and testimony of the defendants themselves. | | | One of the most shameful incidents connected with the War Crimes Trials prosecutions has to do with the investigations and the preparation of the cases for trial. | | | "[The Nuremberg] war-crimes trials were based upon a complete disregard of sound legal precedents, principles and procedures. |
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http://www.codoh.com/trials/trirecon.html
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| | THE NUREMBERG TRIALS |
| | Most of the trials subsequent to 1946 involved lower-ranking officials, camp guards, Einsatzgruppen officers, medical doctors, etc. Far more war criminals, however, were never brought to justice. | | | Together, these international agreements served as the legal basis upon which Nazi war criminals could be brought to trial for violations of International Law. | | | Eight of the accused were hanged and three were sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. |
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http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/trials.html
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| | JURIST - The Nuremberg Trials |
| | (The Justice Trial became the inspiration for the acclaimed Hollywood movie, Judgment at Nuremberg.) Other subsequent trials, such as the Doctors Trial and the Einsatzgruppen Trial, are especially compelling because of the horrific events described by prosecution witnesses. | | | Jackson devoting considerable time to explaining why the criminal statutes relating to wars of aggression and crimes against humanity that he proposed drafting would not be ex post facto laws. | | | Twelve trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. |
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http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/trials12.htm
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| | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials |
| | The founding of the IMT and the ensuing Nuremberg Trial has been the basis of modern military law which every country must abide by in order to keep peace. | | | Eventually it was decided to have a Court to decide the fate of the Officials. | | | It was clear that no ordinary trial would do the leaders justice. |
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http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/Baker_00/03-04/Baker-scl-cap-3-04/nuremberg_war_crimes_trial.htm
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| | Doctors from Hell : The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data |
| | Spitz was the youngest court reporter during the Nuremberg trials as she transcribed the testimony in the trals of medical personnel. | | | The acquittals were probably due to the court leaning over backwards to make the trials look fair. | | | A chilling story of human depravity and ultimate justice, told for the first time by an eyewitness court reporter for the Nuremberg war crimes trial of Nazi doctors. |
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http://www.negative-procreative.biz/stuff-1591810329.html
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| | 50 years since Nuremberg trials |
| | Many critics have questioned the justice of convicting the Nuremberg defendants ex post facto -- after the fact -- for offenses not clearly defined as illegal under international law before World War II. | | | Under examination by Ludwig Babel, an attorney defending the SS organization, Ohlendorf explained it wasn't lack of scruples that enabled him to carry out orders to commit cruel acts. | | | It plowed new furrows of international law over the next 10 months as it unfolded in a partially damaged but serviceable courthouse known as the Palace of Justice in the city of Nuremberg in northern Bavaria. |
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http://www.chron.com/content/chronicle/world/95/11/12/nuremberg.html
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| | Court TV: A Look Back at Nuremberg |
| | He was called to testify in the defense of SS officer Ernst Kaltenbrunner. | | | Jackson, a justice on leave from the U.S. Supreme Court, argued for the legitimacy and need for this trial, saying, "the wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated." | | | HOMEPAGE | VERDICTS | TRIAL TRACKING | LEGAL DOCUMENTS | PROGRAM GUIDE | CTV STORE | GAMES/CONTEST | LEGAL TERMS | SEARCH | INDEX | HOW TO GET CTV | COMMENTS |
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http://www.courttv.com/casefiles/nuremberg
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| | Nuremberg War Crimes Trial |
| | It would be illogical in the extreme if those who, although they may not with their own hands have committed individual crimes, were responsible for systematic breaches of the laws of war affecting the nationals of many states should escape for that reason. | | | Nor, though this procedure and this Indictment of individuals may be novel, is there anything new in the principles which by this prosecution we seek to enforce. | | | The Court refers to the killing of a French general by the way of reprisal for the killing of a German general in similar circumstances. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWnuremberg.htm
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| | The Avalon Project : The International Military Tribunal for Germany |
| | Royal Warrant : Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals; June 18, 1945 | | | Rules of Procedure Adopted by Military Tribunal I in the Trial of the Medical Case (Case 1) | | | Please type your search term in to the box and press enter. |
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http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm
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| | WL archive:1209.html |
| | War Crimes and Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: a case for the indictment of the leading Nazis at Nuremberg in 6 parts | | | Descriptions, transcriptions and translations of documents used during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial including the document reference number; title and nature of the document; the source of the original; location of the original; persons implicated; name of analyst/ translator | | | The remaining material includes translations and descriptions of documents referred to in the case for indictment, also a copy of the indictment with attached corrections. |
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http://www.wienerlibrary.co.uk/archive/archive1209.html
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| | The Nuremberg Trials: the Defendants and Verdicts |
| | One tense moment in the trial occurred when documentary evidence was presented by the prosecutor’s staff that the Reichsbank received and held a large deposit from the SS. | | | He was released from Spandau Prison in 1957 and died in 1960. | | | Karl Doenitz was given 10 years imprisonment at Spandau Prison. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/verdicts.html
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| | International Military Tribunal |
| | If it were true then no spy could be given a legal trial, because his case is always heard by judges representing the enemy country. | | | According to this view only a court consisting of neutrals, or, at least, containing some neutral judges, could be considered to be a proper tribunal. | | | Yet no one has ever argued that in such cases it was necessary to call on neutral judges. |
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http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt
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| | Summary description of Richard Dillard Dixon Records, Mss. Dept., UNC-Chapel Hill |
| | He participated in four of the twelve war crimes trials held in Nuremberg under authority of the Allied Control Council Law No. 10, specifically cases no. 1, no. 2, no. 5, and no. 9. | | | Official proceedings published as: Trials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law no. 10. | | | COPYRIGHT: Retained by the authors of items in these papers, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law. |
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http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/d/Dixon,Richard_Dillard.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials 1945 Office of U.S. Chief Counsel Preparation of Evidence | | | Nuremberg - Treasury of the Reich - nd | | | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials May - June 1945 Office of U.S. Chief Counsel Memoranda |
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http://library.law.columbia.edu/ttp/TTP_S4.htm
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| | War Crimes |
| | The article covers the entire history of war crimes and so is a bit long for an on-line document, but you may find it useful nonetheless. | | | a brief (and doubtlessly incomplete) list of contemplated or on-going war-crimes trials in domestic courts as of early 1999. | | | UN's International Law page has links to both tribunals--as well as to links related to the International Criminal Court, an effort to constitute a standing international court with general jurisidiction over war crimes. |
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http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/courses/ilbfrnaf/nurnberg.htm
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| | World War II Multimedia Database |
| | What was never examined at the War Crimes Trials in Tokyo were the actions of Unit 731 in China. | | | No compensation, or even a statement of apology, is given. | | | Basic Facts on Nanjing and Tokyo War Crimes Trials |
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http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/warcrimes.htm
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| | Media Advisory: Nuremberg and Its Impact: 50 Years Later |
| | WHAT: This international conference on the significance of the Nuremberg trials will examine the legal and political aspects of the international and American trials at Nuremberg, war crimes trials in national courts, contemporary war crimes trials, recent American legal proceedings, and the implications of the Nuremberg principles for contemporary politics and culture. | | | The Setting and the Significance of the Nuremberg Trials: A HistorianÏs Perspective | | | Benjamin B. Ferencz, Pace Law School; Chief Prosecutor for the Einsatgruppen case before the United States International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg |
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http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1996/96-158.html
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| | eBay - nuremberg trials, Militaria, VHS items on eBay.com |
| | The Nuremberg Trials (At Issue in History) by Mitchell | | | War Crimes Trials * The Nuremberg Trial Vhs New Sealed | | | The Nuremberg Trials - Bard, Mitchell (EDT) *NEW |
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http://search-desc.ebay.com/search/search.dll?query=nuremberg+trials&...
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| | Gallery - Nuremberg Trials- Photos |
| | The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials brought 22 Nazi officials to court in 1945-46. | | | Some of the accused in the dock under heavy guard during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 1945-46. | | | Justice Robert Jackson, Chief Prosecutor for the United States at the Nuremberg Trials, presents an argument to the International Military Tribunal in the courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany. |
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http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/resource/gallery/N1945.htm
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| | The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials - The Nazi Germans face court |
| | Skillfully weaving text and documents, the author presents the complex trial in its dramatic setting, in its historical context, and in legal perspective. | | | The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials - The Nazi Germans face court | | | But would the result be victors' justice or the real thing? |
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http://www.1earth.com.au/militaria/b/nuremburg.html
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| | The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials |
| | They created the Nuremberg Court and wrote rules for how the court would operate. | | | A more long-term goal was to establish an international court that would be ready to deal with inhumane acts if they occurred again in the future. | | | Since the time of the Nuremberg Trials, an international court has met about situations in ______. |
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http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_372.html
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| | This Day in History |
| | These trials of accused war criminals were authorized by the London Agreement, signed in August 1945 by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the provisional government of France. | | | Nineteen other nations would eventually sign on to the provisions of the agreement. | | | notion that only a state, not an individual, could commit a war crime proper. |
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http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?category=worldwarii&month=10272963&day=10272985
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| | British Academy PORTAL A-Z Index: W - Wace to waste disposal |
| | Warsaw Ghetto The Avalon Project: The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials | | | Hossbach Memorandum The Avalon Project: The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials | | | Bullet Decree The Avalon Project: The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials |
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http://www.britac.ac.uk/portal/subjinde1/w1.html
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| | Walter J. Rockler, Former prosecutor, Nuremberg war crimes trials |
| | For the United States, alias "NATO," the planning and launching of this war by the president heightens the abuse and undermining of warmaking authority under the Constitution. | | | The United States has discarded pretensions to international legality and decency, and embarked on a course of raw imperialism run amok. | | | Walter J. Rockler, Former prosecutor, Nuremberg war crimes trials |
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http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/srock.htm
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| | The War Crimes Trials at Nuremberg |
| | 1946: A witness at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. | | | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Subject Guide, Truman Library | | | 1946: The Bench at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. |
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http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/nuremberg/index.php?action=photos&year=1946&page=2
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| | Online Exhibitions The Doctors Trial Indictment - plaintext |
| | The transcription of this document comes from the official trial record: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. | | | Between September 1939 and April 1945 all of the defendants herein, acting pursuant to a common design, unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly did conspire and agree together and with each other and with divers other persons, to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity, as defined in Control Council Law No. 10, Article II. | | | The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings |
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http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/indiptx.htm
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| | HLS Library: The War Crimes Trials at Nuremberg |
| | The Web page search engine provides access to the documents from a variety of access points, including title, stage of trial, document number, and proper name. | | | The first stage of the project deals with the documents of Case No. 1 before the NMT, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vs. KARL BRANDT, et al., (The Medical Case Trial, Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. | | | HLS Library: The War Crimes Trials at Nuremberg |
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http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/collections/digital/war_crime_trials_nuremberg.php
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| | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Helpsheet |
| | To access the database choose "Nuremberg War Crimes database" from this menu. | | | Printing a document is accomplished by typing "alt-p." | | | The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials database includes 70 full-text volumes comprising 18,928 bibliographic units, including 126,897 pages. |
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http://etrc.lib.umn.edu/nuremb~1.htm
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| | Nuremberg War Crime Trials |
| | His work formed the basis of the Nuremberg Decrees, and he was active in enforcing them... | | | Original text and graphics Copyright © 1997 The History Place All Rights Reserved | | | Count 3 - WAR CRIMES including violations of laws or customs of war. |
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http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-nurem.htm
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| | Telford Taylor |
| | When the war in Bosnia yielded new evidence of genocide, Taylor said such inhumanity could and should be the basis for criminal indictments. | | | He went on to become the trials' chief prosecutor and an authority on the laws of war. | | | He began at the Nuremberg trials as an assistant to the chief counsel, the former United States Attorney General Robert H. Jackson. |
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http://www.mishalov.com/Taylor,Telford.html
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| | Saint Martin's University - News and Events - Media releases |
| | In a talk entitled “The Nuremberg War Crime Trials: Justice or Victor’s Vengeance?,” Harvie will examine the trial’s legal theory and the verdict, focusing on whether the trial was justice or vengeance on the part of World War II’s victors. | | | Harvie, who continues to study the Nuremberg war crime trials and lead college courses about them, earned a degree in law from the University of Oregon and a master’s degree from the University of Illinois. | | | A former faculty member at the University of Illinois and Montana State University, Harvie has taught at Saint Martin’s since 1994 and chairs the college’s criminal justice program. |
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http://www.stmartin.edu/whatsnew/MediaReleases/2005/20050211Minds_Harvie.htm
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| | The educational encyclopedia, world war II, holocaust war crimes, Nuremberg |
| | Doctors trial criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity | | | November 20, 1945: Nuremberg war crime trials begin | | | Nuremburg trials trial of the major war criminals before the international military tribunal |
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http://users.telenet.be/educypedia/education/holocaustwarcrimes.htm
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| | War Crimes Tribunals |
| | Eric A. Posner's denunciation of both the International Court of Justice and the recently established International Criminal Court in The Hague ("All Justice, Too, Is Local," Op-Ed, Dec. 30) repudiates the highest ideals espoused by the United States during the Nuremberg war crimes trials. | | | Only lawbreakers need fear the rule of law. | | | The writer was a prosecutor at the Nuremberg war crimes trials |
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http://www.benferencz.org/posner.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, Shea, Francis M., Files (1942-1945, n.d.) | | | Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials (1992): Photo Insert I (pg. | | | Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley (1948, 1986, n.d.) |
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http://library.law.columbia.edu/ttp/TTP_S20.htm
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| | THE WAR CRIMES TRIALS |
| | At least they felt it incumbent upon them to provide extensive rationalization for the trials and to make certain their proceedings were tied to the principle of international law. | | | "The fact that the Defendant acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior shall not free him from responsibility, but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the Tribunal determines that Justice so requires." in Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1992: Appendix A, p.648. | | | In the first Trial which convened on November 20, 1945, there were a total of 22 defendants named in the indictment. |
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http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/trials2.html
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| | MAIN INDEX |
| | NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS - REFERENCE BY BIDDLE, FRANCIS 1946 (MAY) Biddle Family Letters | | | NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS - REFERENCE BY BIDDLE, FRANCIS 1945 Biddle Family Letters | | | NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS - REFERENCE BY BIDDLE, FRANCIS 1946 Biddle Family Letters |
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http://gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/mi/mi}1394.htm
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| | Museum of WWII -- Virtual Tour -- War Trials |
| | Please visit again frequently to see what is new. | | | The Nuremberg War Trials are exceptionally well-documented, with many messages written by the Nazi war criminals to their captors; their original prisoner of war forms filled out by them; and many other letters and manuscripts concerning events during the war. | | | Ambassador Franz van Papen's Prisoner of War Preliminary record. |
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http://www.museumofworldwarii.com/TourText/Area16g_GermanWarTrials.htm
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| | Online Exhibitions The Doctors Trial |
| | Documents: The transcriptions of documents come from the official trial record: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. | | | In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Doctors Trial, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum presents excerpts from the official trial record, with accompanying photographs: | | | Prints of the photographs used here may be found in the Photo Archives, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. |
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http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors
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| | Democratic Underground Forums - "Nuremberg War Crimes Trials as a model" |
| | Messages posted on the Democratic Underground Discussion Forums are the opinions of the individuals who post them, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of Democratic Underground, LLC. | | | I guess the new mod cannot tell the difference between a threat to the President and making a President stand in front of a court of law to answer for his crimes. | | | A discussion about putting high officials of the Bush Administration, including the current occupant of the White House, on trial for treason, high crimes, and crimes against humanity is a bona fide issue, and one that we may be facing as a nation after this Fascist nightmare is over. |
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http://www.democraticunderground.com/duforum/DCForumID35/10573.html
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| | Nuremberg Trials |
| | Herta Oberheuser, physician on trial, from Doctors Trial | | | Dec. 11, 1946 - U.N. resolution adopting Nuremberg principles as part of internatl law | | | Yalta decision to try German leaders as war criminals |
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http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/nuremberg-trials.html
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| | The Nuremberg War Trials |
| | Military Tribunal II: The Einsatzgruppen Trial (Case No. 9) | | | The Major War Figures Trial: Indictments, Defendants and Sentences | | | The Ministries ("Nazi Judges") Trial: Indictments, Defendants and Decision |
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http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg.htm
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| | Nurnberg trials -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | (1892–1954), U.S. judge, born in Spring Creek, Pa.; assistant attorney general of U.S. 1936–38; solicitor general 1938–39; attorney general 1940–41; appointed associate justice U.S. Supreme Court 1941; in 1945 appointed chief prosecutor, war crimes trials, Nuremberg, Germany; author of ‘The Nürnberg Case' and ‘The Supreme Court in the American System of Government'. | | | The Moscow Declaration of 1943, issued by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, and the... | | | More results on "Nurnberg trials" when you join. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056532
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| | Amazon.com: The Nuremberg Trials (Famous Trials Series,): Books: Earle Rice,Earle, Jr. Rice |
| | Through the judicious use of trial transcripts, Rice delineates the atrocities that the defendants were accused of perpetrating upon the peoples of Europe. | | | Nuremberg Trial of Major German War Criminals, Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-1946 | | | Part of the Famous Trials series, this dense, informative account examines the 1945^-46 Nuremberg trial that tried and executed Nazi war criminals. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/156006269X?v=glance
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| | Current Events: Time trip - Nuremberg war crime trials, World War II - Statistical Data Included |
| | The International Military Tribunals (IMT) were set up by the victorious Allies: the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. | | | Nuremberg Trial of Major German War Criminals, 1945-1946 / History | | | The remaining Nazi leaders were charged with committing some of the most heinous war crimes in history. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EPF/is_18_101/ai_82650363
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| | Humbul full record view for -- Nuremberg war crimes trials |
| | The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School : Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. | | | This resource is part of The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School, (which mounts digital documents relevant to the fields of Law, History, Economics, Politics, Diplomacy and Government). | | | Humbul full record view for -- Nuremberg war crimes trials |
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http://www.humbul.ac.uk/output/full2.php?id=3884
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| | Statistical Table of the Nuremberg Trials |
| | These trials were all held by the United States in the American Zone of Occupation. | | | IMT=International Military Tribunal (Trial of the German Major War Criminals) | | | "The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials." International Conciliation, No.450, April 1949, p.371 |
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http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/stattable_nuremberg.htm
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