|
| |
| | Positive liberty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | He argued that the pursuit of positive liberty could lead to a situation where the state forced upon people a certain way of life, because the state judged that it was the most rational course of action, and therefore, was what a person should desire, whether or not people actually did desire it. | | | Defenders of positive liberty say that there is no need for it to have such totalitarian undertones, and that there is a great difference between a government providing positive liberty to its citizens and a government presuming to make their decisions for them. | | | It refers to the ability to act to fulfill one's own potential, as opposed to negative liberty, which refers to freedom from coercion. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_liberty
(443 words)
|
|
| |
| | Liberty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Statue of Liberty is often used as a symbol of the ideals of the United States, and in particular of liberty in general; as such it is a favored symbol of US libertarians. | | | Although the idea of liberty is largely underdeveloped in traditional Middle Eastern philosophy and, more importantly, theology, Muslim jurists have long held that the legal tradition initiated by the Qur'an includes a principle of permissibility, or Ibahah, especially as applied to commercial transaction. | | | The copper statue of the goddess of Liberty was a present from the Republic of France, as a centennial gift to the US and a sign of friendship between the two nations. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty
(2194 words)
|
|
| |
| | LexisNexis(TM) Academic - Document |
| | A full defense of positive legal duties must ultimately appeal to a fundamental normative principle that is itself plausible; and plausible in general, not just as a criterion for torts and the criminal law, but for all areas of government policy and indeed personal conduct apart from the law as well. | | | This is not to say that the common law's aversion to positive legal obligations is justified, but rather to say that the possibility of very costly legal duties presents the most compelling ground for such aversion. | | | The familiar [*637] negative duties prohibiting attacks on person and property are extremely detrimental to the positive liberty of those who lack resources; indeed, the coercive prohibitions of theft and violence are far more restrictive of the liberty of the destitute than any positive legal duty anyone has ever seriously proposed. |
|
http://org.elon.edu/justice/fire/murphybenef.htm
(20245 words)
|
|
| |
| | Positive and Negative Liberty |
| | Positive liberty is the possibility of acting - or the fact of acting - in such a way as to take control of one's life and realize one's fundamental purposes. | | | Critics of liberalism often contest this implication by contesting the negative definition of liberty: they argue that the pursuit of liberty understood as self-realization or as self-determination (whether of the individual or of the collectivity) can require state intervention of a kind not normally allowed by liberals. | | | While there is no necessary connection between negative liberty and democratic government, there may nevertheless be a strong empirical correlation between the two. |
|
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative
(6639 words)
|
|
| |
| | IVR - Encyclopaedia of Jurisprudence, Legal Theory and Philosophy of Law |
| | It is also controversial whether positive freedom as personal autonomy is a form of “freedom to”, that is, a capacity for something, as opposed to an achievement. | | | On this view, liberty is not (only) non-interference, but (also) the absence of domination, that is, the state of being subject to the arbitrary will of another. | | | In fact, he discards liberty as licence (“a Liberty for everyone to do what he lists, to live as he pleases, and not to be tyed by any Laws”). |
|
http://www.ivr-enc.info/en/article.php?id=50
(4084 words)
|
|
| |
| | POSITIVE LIBERTY |
| | The motto for positive liberty is one must do what one ought (according to the natural law). | | | NEGATIVE LIBERTY (Ockham, Hobbes, Lock, J.S. mill, Libertarian Party.) Negative liberty means freedom from external restraints, which are embodied in unnecessary laws, etc. As J. Bentham states: "Every law is an infraction of liberty." Laws are only conventional and convenient, and should be kept to the bare minimum involving murder, physical assault, theft, and fraud. | | | There is an empirical test for negative liberty, but none for positive liberty. |
|
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/liberty.htm
(264 words)
|
|
| |
| | Positive & Negative Liberties in Three Dimensions |
| | Positive "welfare rights" thus are no different from positive liberties that correspond to political power in general, and they may be assimilated to that in our consideration. | | | The problem with "welfare rights" as positive "liberties" is that, while they might enable the beneficiary to do what he wants, they must be applied by the threat or the use of force against the freedom and/or property of others. | | | The term "liberties and immunities" occurs in the 14th Amendment. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/quiz.htm
(6448 words)
|
|
| |
| | Three Concepts of Political Liberty |
| | Liberty as nondomination satisfies as well as the notion of liberty as noninterference does the criteria of universality, generality, and reciprocity. | | | The republican concept of liberty is only possible in a political system where discretionary power is absent and, therefore, one’s enjoyment of rights is not contingent upon either the goodwill of anyone else or one’s ability to elicit someone’s goodwill. | | | For proponents of positive liberty, or liberty as self-mastery, there is no important distinction between freedom-compromising factors and freedom-conditioning factors. |
|
http://www.acton.org/publicat/m_and_m/2003_spring/swan.html
(10078 words)
|
|
| |
| | Partisan Review |
| | This tradition provides a basis for a conceptual reformulation of freedom as positive liberty in which a person who is not coerced by the State may still not be free. | | | Characteristically, in liberal theories of democracy, this group is identified as the nation or the "People." The social contract was rewritten in cultural terms as a reciprocal agreement embodying positive liberty for all groups in the society. | | | While many of these are faithful to the pattern of nineteenth-century nationalism which embodied the positive concept of liberty, whether in Croatia or Slovakia, Kurdistan or Chechnya, other cases reflect the significance of constructed nationalism involving the third concept of liberty. |
|
http://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/archive/2001/4/sidorsky.html
(10495 words)
|
|
| |
| | Breathe Deep, America, While Liberty Is in the Air |
| | The infection of positive liberty is running its course in the United States. | | | Such violation combined with the seemingly widespread acceptance of positive liberty may explain why Clarence Thomas refused to discuss "natural law" during his Supreme Court confirmation hearings. | | | Rather than use the Soviet people's economic plight to enact some "grand bargain," the United States should be flattered by its claim to moral authority, and use the opportunity to reflect on the origins and meaning of that authority. |
|
http://www.self-gov.org/freeman/920404.html
(3019 words)
|
|
| |
| | Sample Chapter for Hirschmann, N.J.: The Subject of Liberty: Toward a Feminist Theory of Freedom. |
| | It is the most troubling aspect of positive liberty: determination of the will by others, and specifically by the state. | | | Neither positive nor negative liberty is usually embraced simply on the grounds of its philosophical consistency or compelling logic. | | | But just like Berlin's argument that positive liberty's emphasis on higher desires inevitably leads to state control, Taylor's argument that I can and must be able to identify higher desires as mine over-simplifies positive liberty. |
|
http://pup.princeton.edu/chapters/s7408.html
(15460 words)
|
|
| |
| | Articles on Gandhi |
| | Gandhi's position is that civil rights and liberties must be grounded in a prior sense of civic duty. | | | This is contradictory, whether it is self-discipline voluntarily imposed by the individual or political discipline enforced by a state. | | | Western rights theorists, beginning with Locke, have affirmed that freedom is not "a liberty for every one to do what he lists, to live as he pleases, and not be tied by any laws," but it is freedom under law and the source of civic obligation is founded in law. |
|
http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/freedom.HTM
(7053 words)
|
|
| |
| | Guardian Unlimited Politics Comment Negative v positive liberty |
| | It is an argument about the types of liberties that need to be protected given the changing nature of the crimes that violate them. | | | His New Deal, for example, embodied "a positive view of liberty for all, the freedom to work". | | | Blair's war on antisocial behaviour is not designed for serious harm, which would in any case be covered by criminal law, but to help communities deal with the movement of those who have become a low-level irritant. |
|
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9115,1669472,00.html
(546 words)
|
|
| |
| | PlanetPapers - Positive And Negative Liberty |
| | In any case, the infringement upon negative liberty is totally unacceptable in a democratic society, especially if it is done by the state. | | | One should always choose the middle path and I’m afraid our case makes no exception. | | | As the state is responsible for the positive liberty of the individual, this is the aspect of life where it probably involves most, seeking nothing but the welfare of the individual. |
|
http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/4272.php
(1058 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | Philosophers agree that it should not be unlimited and it is equally assumed that there should be a certain minimum area that should not be violated. | | | Suppose a person is injured, the Silver Rule does not directly compel a passer-by to save the injured but the Golden Rule makes it an imperative to do so. | | | People can legally choose to be couch potatoes or hedonists. |
|
http://examinedlife.typepad.com/redtutor/Berlin.doc
(735 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Quality of Freedom |
| | He also returns to the importance of focusing on overall liberty as opposed to particular liberties, and argues that whether one is free in a non-normative sense is a matter of degrees. | | | Positive liberty theorists, by contrast, submit that the consummate realization of freedom for each person will involve no losses of particular freedoms—since those theorists define particular freedoms as the instances of conduct that constitute or foster the realization of some championed objective, which they characterize as true liberty” (p.118, parentheses in original). | | | Kramer targets the civic republican version of positive liberty espoused by Quentin Skinner (e.g. |
|
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/kramer604.htm
(2357 words)
|
|
| |
| | What is liberty |
| | Inequality implies the hierarchical positioning of one human over another and, as such, implies the subjugation of one to the other. | | | Liberty only makes sense when the freedom of one person does not encroach upon the other but rather re-enforces it. | | | Liberty is only meaningful when we are free with people. |
|
http://struggle.ws/wsm/ws/2005/85/liberty.html
(740 words)
|
|
| |
| | Positive Liberty » Blog Archive » Bloggiversary |
| | If it means, as is often said, that society must compel the individual to be free, then I have nothing but contempt for positive liberty. | | | But what about positive liberty as a concept? | | | Looking back on one year of Positive Liberty, the things that make me proudest are the well-written entries, even when they didn’t express anything all that profound. |
|
http://www.positiveliberty.com/2005/02/bloggiversary.html
(1966 words)
|
|
| |
| | Positive Liberty |
| | For once I’m not the outcast at Positive Liberty. | | | See the theory of the expanding and contracting universe. | | | Certainly we would all agree that if the Board of Supervisors had voted to endorse a Catholic Church teaching as true, that would be an establishment clause problem. |
|
http://positiveliberty.com
(3288 words)
|
|
| |
| | [Note Part I of this outline was not used; I began with Part II:] |
| | The Problem of Promoting Positive Liberty: A State That Has the Power to Promote Positive Liberty Will Also Have the Power to Suppress Negative Liberty. | | | Negative Liberty: no interference by other people (in one's acts) | | | The Subject of This Course: Theories of (Moral) Rights as Rights to Negative Liberty = Rights to NON-INTERFERENCE (by other people) in one's PROTECTED SPHERE. |
|
http://faculty.washington.edu/wtalbott/phil410/intro.htm
(344 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | Positive liberty “The ‘positive’ sense of the word ‘liberty’ derives from the wish on the part of the individual to be his own master. | | | Positive liberty: what source of interference can determine someone to do or be this or that. | | | Berlin thinks the answer from proponents of positive liberty is often that such dissenters should be educated so they can live in the correct way. |
|
http://www.ucc.ie/acad/phil/politicslecture9.doc
(442 words)
|
|
| |
| | Christianity and Liberty Defined |
| | Furthermore, any material means provided by the state to guarantee the positive freedom of one individual invariably involve acts of coercion against another individual, a violation of “negative” or natural freedom, which usually undermines both individuals’ pursuit of spiritual freedom. | | | The issue most pertinent to this choice is not so much which definition of freedom, positive or negative, ought to be accepted as closer to the Christian ideal, but which definition in practice establishes the necessary though insufficient conditions for spiritual freedom that the state can uphold in the material world. | | | Typically, for libertarians this question is irrelevant unless an individual uses his/her liberty in a way that violates the natural rights—the life, liberty, or property—of another. |
|
http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/article.php?id=491
(1913 words)
|
|
| |
| | Berlin on the RPF |
| | Berlin contrasts negative liberty with positive liberty, which “derives from | | | Liberty (which includes "Two Concepts of Liberty," as well as other | | | has for generations robbed us of our positive liberty of self-realization. |
|
http://www.rightsphilosophyforum.org/Berlin.html
(817 words)
|
|
| |
| | tomgpalmer.com: In Case You Missed It |
| | In Case You Missed It Positive Liberty has been running a series of very interesting posts lately. |
|
http://www.tomgpalmer.com/archives/024617.php
(52 words)
|
|
| |
| | Lisa Diamond |
| | This project will also examine whether these effects are moderated by biologically-based individual differences in emotion regulation, specifically parasympathetic nervous system functioning and HPA activity. | | | Specifically, it uses daily diaries and laboratory observations to examine how the experience, expression, and reciprocation of positive affect between adolescents and their parents promotes youth’s mental and physical well-being, coping abilities, friendships, and dating relationships over a 5-year period. | | | Another project focuses on emotion regulation in adolescent relationships. |
|
http://www.psych.utah.edu/diamond/diamond.html
(622 words)
|
|
| |
| | JoKeR's Blog: Comments about Positive Liberty |
| | The links that prompted me to comment were those to Positive Liberty. | | | Ampersand has once again provided multiple interesting links. |
|
http://www.riviere.ws/mt/archives/000150.html
(1991 words)
|
|
|
