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| | Reichstag Fire Decree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The preamble and Article 1 of the Reichstag Fire Decree show the methods by which the civil rights protections of the Weimar Republic's democratic constitution were abolished in a legal manner by the Nazis: | | | The decree, officially the Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat (Order of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State), invoked the authority of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution which allowed the Reichspräsident to take any appropriate measure to remedy dangers to public safety. | | | Göring issued a directive to the Prussian police authorities on March 3, stating that in addition to the constitutional rights stripped by the decree, "all other restraints on police action imposed by Reich and Land law" were abolished "so far as this is necessary... |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree
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| | Reichstag Fire Decree: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic |
| | Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often... | | | Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators and absolute... | | | The actual name of the decree is Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat (Decree of the Reich President for the protection of people and state). |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/r/re/reichstag_fire_decree.htm
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| | The World at War |
| | This decree also authorized the Reich government to assume full powers in any federal state whose government proved unable to restore public order, ordered death or imprisonment for a number of crimes including some newly invented such as resistance to the decree itself. | | | Using the argument that local authorities were unable to maintain order, which was in the main being disrupted by drunken brownshirts and SS members, the government replaced the legally constituted governments of Wurttemburg, Baden, Bremen, Hamburg, Lubeck, Saxony, Hessen and Bavaria. | | | The decree did not include any provision guaranteeing an arrested person a quick hearing, access to legal counsel, or redress for false arrest. |
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http://worldatwar.net/event/reichstagsbrand
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| | [No title] |
| | The same went for perpetrators of violent crimes under the Decree on Violent Criminals which stated that death was the mandatory sentence for those found guilty of committing a crime with the use of a weapon. | | | The last weapon available to the courts in their pursuit of Nazi justice was the use of Special Courts. | | | For an example of the creative combinations of law used by the court to hand out the maximum penalty, the case of Josef C. is quite informative. |
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http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/wwii/justice.pap
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| | Townhall.com :: The Enabling Act |
| | The Act was envisioned as the mechanism to circumvent the Reichstag by granting the chancellor and his cabinet authority to enact legislation without the Reichstag. | | | Alito's views - by frankswildyears, Jan 9 2006 05:59 PM The Act was envisioned as the mechanism to circumvent the Reichstag by granting the chancellor and his cabinet authority to enact legislation without the Reichstag. | | | As a law altering the legislative provisions of the constitution — though not specifically drafted as a constitutional amendment — the Act would require a two-thirds majority to pass. |
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http://townhall.com/blogs/soapbox/.../story/2006/01/09/181661.html
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| | Reichstag Fire |
| | The closest American equivalent to the SA is not the American state but the militia's. | | | But there is absolutely no evidence for this and in any case the SA were to hand to do the job. | | | It is doubtful however if any one person could have managed to complete the preparation in the limited time available and it was clearly quite beyond van der Lubbe. |
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http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/hist/fire.html
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| | Matt's Today in History: The Reichstag Fire, February 27, 2006 |
| | Hitler was infuriated at this outcome and decreed that all future trials dealing with treason would be dealt with by People’s Courts which could be easily controlled by the Nazis. | | | They turned to bribery, extortion and outright bullying to form a coalition of parties that would vote with them in favor of the Enabling Act, a piece of legislation which allowed the Chancellor, who was Hitler, to pass laws and issue decrees without consulting the Reichstag. | | | The Act was passed; Hitler was made a legal dictator in everything but name. |
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http://mattstodayinhistory.blogspot.com/2006/02/reichstag-fire-february-27-2006.html
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| | Pourquoi Pas? » The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party |
| | Hitler had taken care of that though: by the powers provided of the Reichstag Fire Decree, most of the Communist Party deputies were already jailed, and those mandates were declared “dormant” through a change of the Reichstag rules of procedure. | | | The only left-wing party remaining in the Reichstag, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, valiantly protested the Act from being passed. | | | Laws decided upon by the government of the Reich may deviate from the provisions of the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat as such. |
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http://dianne.free.fr/index.php/107
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| | How Hitler Became a Dictator |
| | The day after the fire, Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to issue a decree entitled, “For the Protection of the People and the State.” Justified as a “defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering the state,” the decree suspended the constitutional guarantees pertaining to civil liberties: | | | Hindenburg replied that because of the tense situation he could not in good conscience risk transferring the power of government to a new party such as the National Socialists, which did not command a majority and which was intolerant, noisy and undisciplined. | | | Within a month, the Nazis had transferred jurisdiction over treason cases from the Supreme Court to a new People’s Court, which, as Shirer points out, |
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http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0403a.asp
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| | 9/11 - the American Reichstag Fire and the Fourth Reich |
| | He was picked up by the SA after he had been heard boasting in a bar that he would set fire to the Reichstag. | | | The next morning, Hitler presented President von Hindenburg with an emergency order, ready for his signature, that voided important basic civil rights, expanded substantially the list of crimes that carried the death penalty, and vastly boosted the central government's powers to pressure the individual states. | | | - Adolf Hitler, promise to the Reichstag (Parliament) on the occasion of the imposition of "temporary" dictatorship following the "Reichstag Fire." |
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http://www.oilempire.us/reichstag-fire.html
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| | Reichstag Fire |
| | However, after the Reichstag Fire, Hitler declared a state of emergency and persuaded Hindenburg to allow him to use part of the Article 48 which stripped people of their civil rights and allowed the police to make arrests without warrant. | | | Hindenburg signed a 'Decree for the Protection of the People and the State', taking away freedom of speech and assembly. | | | Hitler wanted to maximize his votes, as 50% was all that he required to push bills through the Reichstag. |
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http://www.gcsehistory.fsnet.co.uk/page6.html
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| | Reichstag Fire |
| | While it is not clear whether the Nazis intentionally set the Reichstag fire in order to create a national crisis, or whether the Nazis simply were opportunistic, the event was used as justification for a sharp curtailment in constitutionally guaranteed civil liberties. | | | The Reichstag passes the Law for Terminating the Suffering of People and Nation, also known as the Enabling Law, essentially granting Adolph Hitler dictatorial power. | | | This Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and State abrogates the following constitutional protections: |
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http://www.weyrich.com/political_issues/reichstag_fire.html
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| | The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |
| | The Reichstag Fire Decree was originally planned to be in effect for only a brief period of time. | | | On 14 July 1933 a law made all other political parties than NSDAP illegal. | | | The so-called >'Enabling Act' invested Hitler, as Reich Chancellor, with powers to issue legislation on equal terms with the Reichstag. |
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http://www.holocaust-education.dk/baggrund/nazisternesmagtovertagelse.asp
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| | My PG courses |
| | It further stated that the powers of the Reichstag, Reichsrat and Reich President were not affected. | | | The normal legislative procedures outlined in Articles 68 to 77 of the constitution did not apply to legislation promulgated by the Reich government. | | | The subsequent Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag on March 23, 1933, stated that, in addition to the traditional method of the Reichstag passing legislation, the Reich government could also pass legislation. |
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http://miltonpgcourses.blogspot.com
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| | Reichstag. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | The jurisdictions of the Reichstag and Reichsrat were limited to matters affecting Germany as a whole; in other matters the member states were sovereign. | | | The new Reichstag, however, was not powerless; it was the supreme legislative body of the republic. | | | The federal cabinet, appointed by the president and headed by the chancellor, was responsible to the Reichstag and normally had to resign if it received a vote of no confidence. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/re/Reichstg.html
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| | Dohiyi Mir: Why We Fight II: The Right Of Emergency Defense |
| | For example, from 1930 to 1932 the number of Reichstag laws dropped from 98 to 5, while the number of presidential Article 48 decrees rose from 5 to 66. | | | The U.S. president may suspend habeas corpus, but no more. | | | Sept 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed. |
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http://www.dohiyimir.org/2006/01/post.html
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| | Google Sightseeing » Post Archive » The Reichstag |
| | We must also accept that our readers are right that, in US political terms, a closer comparison to the German Bundestag would be the House of Representatives, and not the Senate… basically because we don’t know what either of them do. | | | Site design and written content are copyright 2005-2006 Alex Turnbull, James Turnbull and Oliver Jackson. | | | The building was set on fire that year, which led to the passing of the infamous Reichstag Fire Decree, a bill which effectively suspended most basic human rights, and introduced the death penalty for a large number of offenses. |
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http://googlesightseeing.com/2005/11/10/the-reichstag
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| | The German Reichstag in Berlin |
| | After the fire on February 28, 1933, president Hindenburg and Hitler invoked Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which permitted the suspension of civil liberties during national emergencies. | | | This law enabled Hitler not only to pass laws without the consent of Reichstag, Reichsrat, and Reichspresident but also to legalize the Nazi power in- and outside the country. | | | This Decree enabled the Nazis to suppress the opposition in the elections on March 5. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/7002/ThirdReich.html
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| | Sambal: March 2004 Archives |
| | As far as #2 goes, after the Reichstag fire, the Reichstag passed the Reichstag Fire Decree which removed the constitutional protections of habeas corpus, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the right to be secure against unreasonable searches. | | | They were put on probation by the college and required to perform 100 hours of community service. | | | But they may not have burned it, and there are so many things that they indisputably did do that are more heinous.... |
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http://www.sambal.org/archives/2004_03.html
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| | The Rise of Hitler - Feb. 27, 1933 The Reichstag Burns |
| | Hitler's plan was to establish a majority of elected Nazis in the Reichstag which would become a rubber stamp, passing whatever laws he desired while making it all perfectly legal. | | | After viewing the damage, an emergency meeting of government leaders was held. | | | He signed an emergency decree that put the German state of Prussia into the hands of Hitler confidant, Vice Chancellor Papen. |
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http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/burns.htm
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| | The Reichstag Fire Decree |
| | Moreover, as a self-described “defensive measure against Communist acts of violence, endangering the state,” this so-called Reichstag Fire Decree suspended, effectively ending the seven sections of the Constitution that guaranteed individual and civil rights. | | | Consequently, the Nazis began to coordinate their party and the state. | | | For such change, originally to hold for four years, the Nazis needed to amend the Constitution, for which they needed the vote of two-thirds of the Reichstag. |
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http://www.jonathanrick.com/nazis3.htm
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| | History 182 |
| | Grasping the details of important acts like the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act in order to understand how the democratic republic was turned into the fascist dictatorship. | | | Called the process of "Coordination" (Gleichschaltung), these techniques involve a variety of political maneuvers (bans on parties, emergency decrees, federal interventions in state governments), social programs (National Socialist voluntary and professional organizations) as well as the widespread use of terror. | | | What light does his testimony shed on the legality of Nazi politics? |
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http://astro.temple.edu/~bigred76/150/150wk07.html
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| | The Reichstag Fire Decree of February 28, 1933 |
| | Sections 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich are suspended until further notice. | | | By authority of Article 48 (2) of the German Constitution the following is decreed as a defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering the State: | | | The Reichstag Fire Decree of February 28, 1933 |
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http://www.southalabama.edu/history/faculty/rogers/357/fire.html
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| | The Truth about the Reichstag Fire |
| | As to the question of whether I acted alone, I declare emphatically that this was the case." | | | For this decree suspended the civil liberties of the Weimar constitution and inaugurated the Police State. | | | Adolf Hitler was furious the rest of the defendants were acquitted and he decided that in future all treason cases were taken from the Supreme Court and given to a new People's Court where prisoners were judged by members of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). |
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http://www.the7thfire.com/new_world_order/zionism/holocaust/truth_about_the_reichstag_fire.htm
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| | weylmann.com - Hermann Weyl |
| | Their first step was to enact the "Reichstag Fire Decree" (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) in March 1933, which nullified many of the key civil liberties of German citizens set forth in the country’s constitution. | | | With Nazis already occupying prominent positions in the government, the decree was used as a legal tool to suppress publications deemed unfriendly to the Nazi Party. | | | This act provided the Nazis the means of establishing total dictatorial control by legal mandate, because now Hitler and his Nazi-dominated cabinet could enact laws without interference by (or even participation of) the Reichstag. |
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http://www.weylmann.com
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| | Nazi Terror Begins |
| | The decree also permitted increased state and police intervention into private life, allowing officials to censor mail, listen in on phone conversations, and search private homes without a warrant or need to show reasonable cause. | | | Under the state of emergency established by the decree, the Nazi regime could arrest and detain people without cause and without limits on the length of incarceration. | | | This decree, known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspended the provisions of the German constitution that protected basic individual rights, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly. |
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http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005686
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| | The Reichstag Fire, 68 years on |
| | In Chapters 5 to 7, the authors document the proceedings at the so-called Reichstag Fire Trial, which began on September 21, 1933 in Leipzig, and then present the circumstantial evidence for the guilt of the Nazis. | | | The intention right from the start was to put the blame for this crime on the Communists, and those ten SA men who were to carry out the crime were instructed accordingly.” (11) | | | In years of meticulous research, the two authors of the book, historian Alexander Bahar and physicist and psychologist Wilfried Kugel, carried out the first comprehensive evaluation of the 50,000 pages of original court, state attorney office and secret police (Gestapo) files that had been locked away in Moscow and East Berlin until 1990. |
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http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jul2001/reic-j05_prn.shtml
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| | For The Record 2003 - |
| | The Reichstag fire in the night of 27 to 28 February 1933 served as a pretext for the “Decree to protect the people and the State” (Reichstag Fire Decree) which the Reich President put into force as early | | | Enabling Act”) of 24 March 1933, which the Reichstag adopted with the votes of all parties except the SPD, which voted no, and the Communists, which had been excluded, totally abolished the separation of powers be | | | in the Reichstag capable of forming a government. |
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http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2003/documentation/coredocs/hri-core-1-add75-rev1.htm
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| | The Reichstag fire of 1933 |
| | On March 23, the Reichstag voted to give Hitler rather than President von Hindenburg full powers to rule by decree. | | | The following day, Chancellor Hitler took the radical steps of denying all legal guarantees of personal liberty, freedom of speech and the right of assembly by official decree. | | | A case was built around him that placed the simple minded Dutchman as the scapegoat of a sinister Communist plot to destabilise the nation. |
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http://idid.essortment.com/nazireichstag_rghx.htm
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| | Catholic Community Forum Discussion Groups - View Single Post - The Warnings of History |
| | For the author, Hitler is Bush, the Nazi Party is the Republican Party, the Reichstag fire is 9/11, the Reichstag Fire Decree is the Patriot Act, and invasion of the Sudetenland is the war in Iraq. | | | It is a peurile attempt to draw false parallels between Hitler's rise to power and his subsequent actions after a "terrorist" attack, and Bush's election with his post 9/11 actions. |
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http://www.catholic-forum.com/forums/showpost.php?p=255&postcount=14
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| | The Gallery of 'Bush = Hitler' Allusions |
| | Just as the burning of the Reichstag provided the Nazi party with the opportunity for shredding the Weimar Constitution, so did the attack on the World Trade Center on 9/11/01 provide the Republican administration (Cheney/Ashcroft/Rumsfeld) with the rationale for abolishing the freedoms granted to all citizens in the American Constitution. | | | [...] The Bush administration deliberately stoked public fears after 9/11--just as the Nazi's used the Reichstag Fire--to win support for an illegal, unprovoked invasion of Iraq, an act of aggression which, at the Nuremberg Trials, was specifically determined to be a war crime. | | | Anyone who closely examines Patriot II will realize that the document represents the same sort of power grab by Hitler after the Reichstag Fire of 1933. |
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http://semiskimmed.net/bushhitler.html
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| | Chavez to ignore Blair on UK trip |
| | Under the provisions of this decree, the Communist Party and other groups were suppressed; Communist functionaries and deputies were arrested, put to flight or murdered. | | | Since a Dutch independent communist was found in the building, the fire was blamed on a Communist plot to which the government reacted with the Reichstag Fire Decree of February 28, which suspended basic rights including habeas corpus. | | | Elections were scheduled for early March, but before that day, the Reichstag building was set on fire on February 27 under still unclear circumstances. |
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http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=102x2282941
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