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| | Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws. | | | Liberal democracy is a type of representative democracy where the ruling government is subject to rule of law and separation of powers, while the people are guaranteed certain inviolable rights. | | | Liberal democracy is, strictly speaking, a form of representative democracy where the political power of the government is moderated by a constitution which protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
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| | Representative democracy :: Online Encyclopedia :: Information Genius |
| | The United Kingdom exemplifies a representative democracy; Germany has been one since 1949. | | | Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post- industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of subjects or (latterly) citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. | | | Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose representatives to act in their interests, but NOT as their proxies - i.e., not necessarily as directed but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing circumstances. |
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http://www.informationgenius.com/encyclopedia/r/re/representative_democracy.html
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| | What Is Democracy? - Defining Democracy |
| | Today, the most common form of democracy, whether for a town of 50,000 or nations of 50 million, is representative democracy, in which citizens elect officials to make political decisions, formulate laws, and administer programs for the public good. | | | Diane Ravitch, scholar, author, and a former assistant U.S. secretary of education, wrote in a paper for an educational seminar in Poland: "When a representative democracy operates in accordance with a constitution that limits the powers of the government and guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, this form of government is a constitutional democracy. | | | Democracy is more than a set of constitutional rules and procedures that determine how a government functions. |
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http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm2.htm
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| | Representative democracy - Encyclopedia of Political Information |
| | The United Kingdom exemplifies a representative democracy; Germany has been one since 1949. | | | This often involves more powers than a constitutional monarchy or participatory democracy would allocate to the legislators, so almost all constitutions provide for an Independent judiciary, and other measures to balance representative power with citizen power: | | | Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose representatives to act in their interests, but NOT as their Proxy representative - i.e., not necessarily as directed but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing circumstances. |
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http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Representative_democracy.htm
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| | Definition of Democracy |
| | The United States is a Republic which follows the ideals of a Representative Democracy. | | | Our Electoral College is an example of voting via a Representative Democracy. | | | In a true democracy the lower classes of a nation control public affairs without respect to law, precedents or vested rights. |
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http://www.couplescompany.com/Features/Politics/Structure1.htm
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| | Direct democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)), which was governed for two centuries by a general assembly of all male citizens, by randomly selected officials, and ten annually elected representatives charged to command the army of the city (strategos). | | | Modern mass-suffrage democracies generally rely on representatives elected by citizens (that is, representative democracy). | | | Individuals elected to office in a representative democracy tend not to be demographically representative of their constituency. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy
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| | Help stop the spread of democracy! |
| | Our Constitutional fathers, familiar with the strength and weakness of both autocracy and democracy, with fixed principles definitely in mind, defined a representative republican form of government. | | | There is no mention of the word democracy in the Constitution by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. | | | Democracy is the “direct” rule of the people and has been repeatedly tried without success. |
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http://www.devvy.com/democracy_tees.html
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| | Deliberative democracy - encyclopedia article about Deliberative democracy. |
| | Representative democracy is a form of democracy and theory of civics in which voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxies—i.e., not necessarily according to their voters' wishes, but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing circumstances. | | | Deliberative democracy, also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by political theorists, e.g., Jon Elster or Jürgen Habermas, to refer to any system of political decisions based on some tradeoff of consensus decision making and representative democracy. | | | Pure democracy is a form of government where the law is the reflection of the will of the majority without any legal limit on that power. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/deliberative%20democracy
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| | Encyclopedia: Representative democracy |
| | In the United States this term is often synonymous with "republic." Another form of representative democracy involves impartial selection of representatives through sortition. | | | Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxiesâi.e., not necessarily according to their voters' wishes, but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing circumstances. | | | Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post-industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of subjects or (more recently) citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Representative-democracy
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| | Republican democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Therefore by its original understanding, "democracy" could be qualified as anything from representative governance to individual and mob rule. | | | In this sense it refers to the notion representative democracy, as one meaning of republic is a system of restricted democracy. | | | However, there are distinctions between the terms "republic" and "democracy," as the latter retains many of the same qualities of a republic, yet adheres to no distinct political order or set of laws. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_democracy
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| | faces.htm |
| | Deliberative democracy requires only that the perspectives relevant to a decision be represented, rather than that the perspective-holders be represented in proportion to their numbers in the population (Mansbridge [l980] l981, l983). | | | For more than a generation now, empirical political theorists have recognized the significance in the representative system of "retrospective voting," in which the voter looks back to the past behavior of a representative in deciding how to vote in the next election. | | | In anticipatory representation, the better the communication between voter and representative in the interval between Time 2 and Time 3, the better the representation. |
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http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/prg/mansb/faces.htm
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| | Direct democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)), which was governed for two centuries by a general assembly of all male citizens, by randomly selected officials, and one elected representative charged to command the army of the city (strategos). | | | Modern mass-suffrage democracies generally rely on representatives elected by citizens (that is, representative democracy). | | | Even in states where direct democracy components are scant or nonexistent at the state level, there often exists local options for deciding specific issues, such as whether a county should be "wet" or "dry" in terms of whether alcohol sales are allowed. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy
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| | Representative democracy - definition of Representative democracy in Encyclopedia |
| | The United Kingdom exemplifies a representative democracy; Germany has been one since 1949. | | | A representative democracy may involve more powers than a constitutional monarchy or participatory democracy would allocate to the legislators, so almost all constitutions provide for an independent judiciary and other measures to balance representative power: | | | Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxies—i.e., not necessarily as directed but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing circumstances. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Representative_democracy
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| | Democracy - Encyclopedia of Political Information |
| | Some critics of representative democracy argue that party politics mean that representatives will be forced to follow the party line on issues, rather than either the will of their conscience or constituents. | | | This is not controversial: representative democracy is the most commonly used system of government in countries generally considered "democratic". | | | The traditional, and to many still compelling, objection to democracy as a form of government, and to direct democracy in particular, is that it is open to demagoguery. |
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http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Democracy.htm
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| | Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | See Republicanism in the United States for the connotations of the terms "democracy" and "republic" in the 1787 context when this article was written. | | | For full-fledged representative democracies ultimately it generally does not make all that much difference whether the head of state is a monarch or a president, nor, in fact, whether these countries call themselves a monarchy or a republic. | | | This conflict is often described in terms of capitalism versus socialism, and the compromise between democracy and having an hereditary head of state would be called constitutional monarchy. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic
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| | The characteristics of a modern democracy mountvernonnews.com |
| | Another question which is always suspect in the mind of the public in a representative democracy is whether elected officials are voting the way the constituents want them to vote, or is the representative voting according to his or her own personal views. | | | The United States is a prime example of a representative democracy, which is aptly named because the citizens choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf. | | | Weaknesses of this form of democracy include the inability of leaders and representatives to consult directly with the population in times of crisis; it requires the public to be educated and have an understanding of the political process; and some people think the information citizens receive on which they base their votes is controlled. |
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http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/102204/democracy.html
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| | democracy - encyclopedia article about democracy. |
| | A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws. | | | Liberal democracy is, strictly speaking, a form of representative democracy where the political power of the government is moderated by a constitution which protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism). | | | Liberal democracy is sometimes the de facto form of government, while other forms are technically the case; for example, Canada has a monarchy, but is in fact ruled by a democratically elected Parliament. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/democracy
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| | democracy - encyclopedia article about democracy. |
| | A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws. | | | Liberal democracy is, strictly speaking, a form of representative democracy where the political power of the government is moderated by a constitution which protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism). | | | Liberal democracy is sometimes the de facto form of government, while other forms are technically the case; for example, Canada has a monarchy, but is in fact ruled by a democratically elected Parliament. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/democracy
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| | democracy - encyclopedia article about democracy. |
| | A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws. | | | Liberal democracy is, strictly speaking, a form of representative democracy where the political power of the government is moderated by a constitution which protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism). | | | Liberal democracy is sometimes the de facto form of government, while other forms are technically the case; for example, Canada has a monarchy, but is in fact ruled by a democratically elected Parliament. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/democracy
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| | Free book: Beyond Plutocracy - Direct Democracy for America, Home/Table of Contents |
| | However, limited direct democracy and limited representative democracy joined together and judiciously balanced as described here results in a wise amount and just distribution of government powers that does not unduly favor any particular group. | | | And the vote tallies for the electoral issues automatically result in proportional representation of the entire electorate in the representative branches, which may also be looked at as the consensus of the electorate. | | | Unlike the winner-take-all, majority-rule democracy of old in which the simple majority vote wins and all others lose, the consensus democracy described here and practiced by the electorate in the demos results in the consensus of the entire electorate, a moderate golden mean that avoids all extremes. |
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http://www.beyondplutocracy.com
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| | D@dalos education server - Democracy: Types of democracy |
| | A distinction has to be made (...) between the representative (parliamentary and presidential) forms of democracy and those that combine individual elements of both the representative and direct forms of democracy. | | | While most other western European countries have this form of political system, democracy in the United States is based on a presidential system. | | | Unlike Germany's experience with direct democracy between 1918 and 1933 during a period referred to as the Weimar Republic, the elements of direct democracy in the Swiss constitution have proved sustainable. |
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http://dadalos.org/int/Demokratie/demokratie/grundkurs1/Material/typen.htm
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| | Encyclopedia: Democracy |
| | Essentially, a representative democracy is a form of time-limited oligarchy in which the democratic process is followed to choose leaders, while the leaders may act with or against the majority opinion during their term of office. | | | These paragraphs confuse and intermingle two distinct concepts: 1) whether decisions are taken directly or through elected representatives, and 2) whether "majority rules" or there exists a supreme law (such as a constitution) restricting what the majority may do to any minority by means of the government. | | | I've heard arguments that (pure if you wish) democracy is in fact undesirable since theoretically the majority could vote your assets and rights away. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/democracy
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| | About Direct Access Democracy |
| | Direct Access Democracy is the process for electronically gathering public opinion by an elected representative on specific issues for the purpose of determining a position on an upcoming vote. | | | If a quorum is reached, then the public by default becomes their own representative in a Direct Access Democracy constituency. | | | The difference in Direct Access Democracy is that the referendums are held by the elected official. |
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http://mission.etches.net/about_direct_democracy.html
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| | CPN - Tools |
| | James Fishkin's deliberative opinion poll is based on the conviction that credible deliberative democracy requires a representative sample of the population, rather than self-selected citizen participation in community meetings and dialogue groups, or organized stakeholder participation in dispute resolution. | | | In this version of democracy, those mechanisms that compel decisions to conform directly to existing majority opinion are seen as more democratic than those that filter decisions through representation. | | | Despite the intentions of the framers of the Constitution, a direct-majoritarian version of democracy has been in the ascendancy in the United States since the nineteenth century, and depletes our capacities for reasoned deliberation. |
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http://www.cpn.org/tools/dictionary/deliberate.html
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| | Paper Democracy Theme Jens Hoff UK-Nordic Meeting Copenhagen |
| | These civil and political rights are elaborated more in detail by for example J.S.Mills (representative government, minority rights, etc.), and liberalism as a democratic doctrine can therefore be said to emphasise especially the relation between the individual and democratic procedures (e.i the character of political leadership). | | | Thus, insofar as democracy and citizenship is concerned, the communitarian tradition can be said to stress the importance of (local, virtual?) community as the ’natural’ reference point for developing an understanding of oneself, and society, and thus also as the ’natural’ locus for the formulation of political demands and the implementation of policies. | | | The republican tradition shares with the tradition of participatory democracy the idea of the educative function of political participation, and, in particular the belief that participation in associations and community affairs, enhances the resources for citizenship at the national level (Held 1987). |
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http://virtualsociety.sbs.ox.ac.uk/nordic/democracyplatform.htm
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| | Direct Democracy League |
| | Within the direct democracy community, all 24 of those states are referred to as "I&R states", states having both initiative and referendum, which are, respectively, citizen-proposed law and citizen-proposed veto of legislature-made law. | | | And when money-power took the new direct democracy components to court, saying that they were unconstitutional because the Constitution promised each state a republican form of government, they lost. | | | True republican governance is not a "pure direct democracy", although anti-direct-democracy critics abstract DD out of the mix to set up their sophistries, vacuous arguments, convoluted polemics, and out-right lies about DD and citizen lawmaking. |
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http://www.ddleague-usa.net
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| | www.centreforcitizenship.org - the centre for republican democracy |
| | In truth a law that requires a representative of the people to lie and to make a statement that is deeply repugnant and inconsistent with a belief in the sovereignty of the people before they may exercise a civil right, is a law that denies them that civil right. | | | Any representative of the people who fails to do so is liable to be fined and to be thrown out of parliament. | | | Republicans are banned by law from the legislature. |
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http://www.centreforcitizenship.org/home.html
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| | MYTOWN |
| | Further, democracy at the level of the nation-state has to be checked and balanced by the elected-representative feature of republicanism, otherwise there is no systemic protection of minority rights, much less individual rights. | | | Thus, I use "republican democracy" because (1) democracy is the basic essence, with republican the modifier, (2) the alternative carries unpalatable baggage, and (3) I want to de-fang the noble word "republican" and reclaim the term for the political descendants of those who originally coined its political usage. | | | However, the Constitutional requirement of confirmation through the Senate structure of a deliberative body of elected representatives, i.e., the republican form of government, provides an indispensable check-and-balance against the potential of majoritarian tyranny. |
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http://www.mytown.ca/ev.php?URL_ID=104283&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201
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| | Representative democracy Article, Representativedemocracy Information |
| | The United Kingdom exemplifies a representative democracy; Germany has been one since 1949. | | | A representative democracy may involve more powers than a constitutional monarchy or participatory democracy would allocate to the legislators, so almost all constitutions provide for an independent judiciary and other measures to balance representative power: | | | Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post- industrial revolution nation states where largenumbers of subjects or (latterly) citizens evinced interest in politics, but wheretechnology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. |
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http://www.anoca.org/monarchy/representatives/representative_democracy.html
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| | Semper Liber - Glossary |
| | It went on to state: "Our Constitutional fathers, familiar with the strength and weakness of both autocracy and democracy, with fixed principles definitely in mind, defined a representative republican form of government. | | | The United States Constitution does not contain the word democracy. | | | "Under democracy one party always devotes its chief energies to trying to prove that the other party is unfit to rule--and both commonly succeed, and are right... |
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http://www.semperliber.org/Glossary.htm
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