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| | Sanctions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In a legal context, sanctions are penalties imposed by the courts. | | | Trade sanctions - economic sanctions applied for non-political reasons, typically as part of a trade dispute, or for purely economic reasons, and typically involving tariffs or similar measures, rather than bans. | | | (Depending on context, a sanction can be either a punishment or a permission. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanction
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| | Learn more about Sanctions in the online encyclopedia. |
| | This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial de novo may be allowed because of reversible error. | | | "Sanctions" is the plural of sanction (see also penalty). | | | Penalties, usually monetary fines, levied against a party to a legal action or his attorney, for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. |
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http://www.onlineencyclopedia.org/s/sa/sanctions.html
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| | Economic Sanctions |
| | Sanctions tend to work best when international political consensus exists as to the wisdom of employing sanctions and non-targeted countries, who must bear an economic cost as a result of the sanctions, are compensated. | | | The comprehensive sanctions mandated by the Glenn amendment and introduced against India and Pakistan in the wake of their May 1998 nuclear tests is a case in point. | | | Unilateral sanctions should be avoided except in those circumstances that the United States is in a unique situation to derive leverage based on the economic relationship with the target. |
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http://www.brookings.edu/views/testimony/haass/19980909.htm
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| | Sanctions, by Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics ... |
| | In many cases sanctions are imposed primarily for "signaling" purposes—either for the benefit of allies, other third parties, or a domestic audience. | | | In most cases, sanctions must be imposed as quickly and comprehensively as possible. | | | Students of international law frequently argue that only economic measures deployed against states that have violated international standards or obligations may properly be classified as "sanctions." According to this view sanctions should be distinguished from national uses of economic power in pursuit of narrow national interests. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Sanctions.html
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| | Sanctions: Diplomatic Tool, or Warfare by Other Means? |
| | Another problem with sanctions is that threats cost more when they fail because the sender must follow through with a punishment. | | | It makes several recommendations toward monitoring the impact of sanctions as they are being imposed in order to reshape them in a manner that is less costly to children. | | | This website lists the legal justification for UN sanctions under its Charter and has links to the Resolutions ordering sanctions for the specific countries it has applied such bans against. |
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http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/sanctions.jsp
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| | A User's Guide to Economic Sanctions--free trade, unilateral and economic trade sanctions |
| | The United States should impose comprehensive economic sanctions against any country that is engaged in armed conflict against the United States or that sponsors or condones terrorism against the United States, its citizens, or its overseas interests. | | | Most important was the fact that the sanctions were imposed multilaterally by the international community, not solely by the United States. | | | Economic sanctions may be employed to further other foreign policy objectives, such as the observance of human rights and democratization. |
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http://www.usaengage.org/archives/studies/users.html
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| | Sanctions as Siege Warfare |
| | Between 1945 and 1990 sanctions were imposed worldwide in 104 instances; in two-thirds of these, the United States was either a key player or the sanctions were unilateral actions by the United States with no participation from other countries. | | | Even as it has been using sanctions on its own behalf, the United States has spearheaded many of the Security Council's recent sanctions efforts. | | | Collins: For the death penalty to be constitutional, it must be applied equally in like cases; but at the same time, the sentencing judge must have the option of granting mercy based upon the circumstances. |
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http://www.thenation.com/doc/19990322/gordon/3
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| | Myths and Realities Regarding Iraq and Sanctions |
| | This is not stipulated under the UN resolutions enforcing the sanctions. | | | Others have argued that, from a North American perspective, sanctions are more economically sustainable than military attacks, since sanctions cost the United States less. | | | The Iraqi government, knowing that the United States favors Saddam Hussein’s ouster and will impose sanctions until a "regime change," has no incentive to cooperate with the United States or intrusive inspections. |
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http://www.stopusa.be/scripts/texte.php?section=BDBA&langue=3&id=10827
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| | World Energy Sanctions |
| | The original sanctions were largely authorized under the Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Control Act of 1989, which consolidated many of the previously enacted counterterrorism sanctions in legislation. | | | U.S.-Libyan sanctions regulations, authorized under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985, were established in January 1986. | | | Although ILSA sanctions have not thus far been imposed, the threat of such sanctions has also deterred some multinationals from investing in Iran. |
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/sanction.html
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| | SANCTIONS |
| | However, the bureaucracy installed to administer the sanctions constitutes a very real obstacle to the import of all goods, including those supposedly exempted from the sanctions. | | | The conclusions drawn in this paper are valid irrespective whether or not the Gulf War was legal and justified and whether or not the ultimate purpose hoped to be achieved by the blockade/sanctions regime is legal. | | | However, as former Attorney General of the United States of America Ramsey Clark stated in a letter calling for an end to the sanctions addressed to the members of the UNSC on 26 January 2000:- |
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http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/Iraq/sanctions.htm
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| | Middle East Report Online: Smart Sanctions: Rebuilding Consensus or Maintaining Conflict? by Marc Lynch |
| | The "smart sanctions" proposal would open up trade in civilian goods, allowing such contracts to be approved directly by the UN Secretariat instead of being reviewed by the controversial UN Sanctions Committee. | | | Most of the frontline states which would carry the burden of enforcing the new sanctions regime have outspokenly opposed it. | | | As of May 31, $3.7 billion in contracts were in limbo due to US or UK objections. |
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http://www.merip.org/mero/mero062801.html
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| | Sanctions Against Iraq - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council |
| | Those seeking an end to Iraq sanctions have organized civilian flights in contravention of the sanctions prohibitions. | | | The adoption of Resolution 1483 in May 2003 put an end to sanctions and foresaw the phasing out of the Programme over 6 months and the gradual transfer of its administration to the US-UK authorities in Iraq. | | | Selected further issues and analyses of the sanctions. |
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http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/indexone.htm
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| | U.S. Government Export Portal: European Union (EU) Trade Sanctions Against the United States |
| | The sanctions will remain in place until they are lifted by the EU or the WTO finds that a U.S. legislative measure has removed the illegal export subsidy. | | | After years of litigation, in May 2003, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body authorized the EU to impose sanctions on $4.043 billion worth of U.S. exports, if the United States fails to comply with the WTO decision. | | | In May 2003, the EU received final authorization from the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to impose sanctions on the United States. |
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http://www.export.gov/eu_tsatus.html
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| | Cool War (Harpers.org) |
| | The sanctions, in effect, cannot be lifted until the United States agrees. | | | Although support for the sanctions has eroded considerably, the sanctions are maintained by “reverse veto” in the Security Council. | | | In early June of last year, when the “smart sanctions” proposal was under negotiation, the United States announced that it would lift holds on $800 million of contracts, of which $200 million involved business with key Security Council members. |
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http://www.harpers.org/CoolWar.html?pg=1
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| | Reason: The Politics of Dead Children: Have sanctions against Iraq murdered millions? |
| | Yet all this murkiness has not deterred advocates of sanctions from claiming absolute certainty on the issue. | | | Confusing the issue still further are basic questions about the sanctions themselves. | | | A closer look at the controversy over dead Iraqi babies shows that opponents of sanctions have a compelling case to make. |
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http://www.reason.com/0203/fe.mw.the.shtml
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| | Sidestepping Sanctions |
| | But the point, critics say, is not whether sanctions work, but why major corporations are being allowed to sidestep the law. | | | In January, a bill requiring public pension funds to disclose their dealings with sanctioned countries was introduced in Arizona. | | | At the state level, lawmakers and investors have decided to take action themselves. |
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http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2003/07/ma_452_01.html
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| | Haiti Sanctions and Environment Case |
| | Aid workers say children's death rates, because of the sanctions, were 20 times the usual rate. | | | With the failure of sanctions, one must ask: Why did the sanctions fail so miserably? | | | Within 841, the U.N.S.C. also appealed to Member States to take whatever measures they needed to take in order to support the O.A.S. resolutions. |
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http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/haiti.htm
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| | Sanctions |
| | The sanctions committee subsequently adopted on 8 August 1996 the Procedures for the implementation of Resolution 986. | | | Resolution 661 (1990) of 6 August 1990 imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, including a full trade embargo barring all imports from and exports to Iraq, excepting only medical supplies, foodstuffs, and other items of humanitarian need, as determined by the Security Council sanctions committee, which was also established by Resolution 661. | | | The resolution states that, with the exception of the arms prohibitions noted above, all other sanctions established by Resolution 661 and subsequent resolutions "shall no longer apply." |
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http://www.un.org/News/ossg/iraq.htm
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| | CTPS Issues: Unilateral Sanctions |
| | The proliferation of trade sanctions in the 1990s has been accompanied by their declining effectiveness. | | | The Immorality of Trade Sanctions Policy Forum: May 27, 1998 | | | Stuck In Sanctions: U.S. Needs Way Out of Policy Morass (2/9/1998) |
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http://www.freetrade.org/issues/sanctions.html
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| | Kroc Institute : Research : The Sanctions Project |
| | The Sanctions and Security Project is an integral part of the Kroc Institute/Fourth Freedom Forum joint effort to explore non-military means of enforcing international norms. | | | What are the advantages and disadvantages of incentives in particular sanctions cases? | | | The project began in the midst of a dramatic increase in the number of multilateral sanctions cases in the early 1990s. |
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http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/research/econsanc.html
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| | Nonproliferation Sanctions |
| | The authors review objectives and provisions of the sanctions laws and compare the legal provisions at each step of the sanctions process. | | | Relevant Texts of U.S. Nonproliferatin Sanctions Laws and Related Documents | | | This study examines U.S. use of sanctions against foreign entities to prevent nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons and missile proliferation. |
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http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1285
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| | Kroc Institute : The Sanctions Project - Publications |
| | Contested Case: Do the Facts Justify the Case for War in Iraq? | | | Kroc Institute : The Sanctions Project - Publications | | | "Sanctioning Iraq: The Limits of the New World Order." The Washington Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1994): 179—98. |
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http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/research/econsanc-pub.html
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| | FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iraq - Truth and Lies in Baghdad . The Debate Over U.N. Sanctions PBS |
| | Still, a heated debate continues over the impact of the sanctions and over whether the United Nations and in particular the United States are responsible or whether Saddam himself has blocked humanitarian aid to further his own propaganda war. | | | According to Sudetic, "The devastating aspect of the sanctions is not that they restrict what Iraq can import; it is that they keep the country from accessing its cash." Although Iraq earned billions in revenue under the Oil-for-Food program in 2000, only about 33 percentwas spent on food and 2 percent on medical supplies. | | | All imports for Iraq have to be approved by the Security Council's Sanctions Committee. |
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http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq/sanctions.html
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| | CNN.com - U.S. hits Syria with sanctions - May 11, 2004 |
| | "The Syrian government must understand that its conduct alone will determine the duration of the sanctions," Bush said in a statement that promised a positive U.S. response to constructive actions by Damascus. | | | The sanctions fall under the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act, passed by Congress in November and signed by Bush in December to punish the Damascus government. | | | The United States imposed additional administrative sanctions against Syria in 1986, citing evidence of direct Syrian involvement in an attempt to blow up an Israeli airplane. |
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http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/11/us.syria
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| | IRAQI SANCTIONS |
| | Nothing got out of the country and nothing came in without the permission of the UN Security Council, made up of The United States, Britain, Russia, China, and France. | | | Photo Essay: Iraq: Critical Condition, A Case Against Sanctions | | | Sanctions have made survival the focus of the common people of Iraq, leaving them no time or resources for the popular uprising that the US government hopes the sanctions will inspire. |
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http://www.ratm.com/new2/iraq.html
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| | Sanctions in Iraq hurt the innocent |
| | As if to spotlight the reality of U.S. sanctions policy, the Treasury Department has just brought a civil suit against a group (to which I belong) to collect $20,000 for the "crime" of taking medicines to Iraq without a U.S. license -- in short, for breaking U.S. sanctions. | | | Simply put, sanctions -- with epidemic and famine -- were there to force "regime change." | | | "Were Sanctions Right?" is the title of a remarkable article on July 27 in The New York Times Magazine. |
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http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/133937_sanctions07.html
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| | Citizens Concerned for the People of Iraq - working to end war and economic sanctions |
| | Bert Sacks' legal complaint against federal office over sanctions (PDF version), Dept. of Justice motion to dismiss, Bert's opposition to motion to dismiss, and DOJ reply in support of motion to dismiss. | | | According to UNICEF, sanctions against Iraq contributed to the deaths of half a million children under the age of five. | | | Economic sanctions as a weapon of mass destruction |
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http://www.scn.org/ccpi
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| | South End Press Iraq Under Siege |
| | For ordinary citizens sanctions are just another kind of dictatorship. | | | Anthony's newest titles are Terrorism and War and Voices of a People's History of the United States (with Howard Zinn), both from Seven Stories Press. | | | “Here is a brilliantly collated body of unrelenting, undeniable evidence of the horrors that sanctions and war are visiting upon the people, in particular the children, of Iraq. |
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http://www.southendpress.org/books/iraq.shtml
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| | Sanctions |
| | The United States maintains economic and trade sanctions and embargoes against targeted foreign countries, groups, organizations, and individuals. | | | Over the past several years, companies have paid millions of dollars in civil penalties involving exports, imports, or remittances related to transactions with SDNs, targeted countries, or groups. | | | For example, a number of the named individuals and entities are known to move from country to country and may end up in locations where they would be least expected. |
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http://www.itds.treas.gov/sanctions.html
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| | "We Think the Price Is Worth It" |
| | Mentioning that chlorine is embargoed under the sanctions, it speculates that "Iraq could try convincing the United Nations or individual countries to exempt water treatment supplies from sanctions for humanitarian reasons," something that the United States disallowed for many years. | | | Seizing on the fact that infant mortality had decreased in northern Iraq, which is under U.N. administration, while more than doubling in the rest of the country, where the government of Iraq is in charge, the State Department accused Baghdad of wide-scale misappropriation of funds from Iraqi oil sales earmarked for humanitarian purposes. | | | Lesley Stahl on U.S. sanctions against Iraq: We have heard that a half million children have died. |
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http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1084
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| | SANCTIONS & Humanitarian Crisis ! |
| | When the international court to judge crimes against humanity is set up, the Peter Hains of this world beware | | | Second U.N. official resigns over Iraq sanctions 2/00 | | | A Call to Action on Sanctions and the U.S. War Against the People of Iraq |
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http://www.betterworldlinks.org/book60g.htm
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| | EU Sanctions against Israel Petition |
| | The EU Sanctions against Israel Petition to EU was created by The World and written by Rawya Ahmed. | | | Trade sanctions would soon take effect and would give a clear and unambiguous message to Israel that its occupation of Palestine must end. | | | We would like to have the EU impose sanctions on Israel, who have continued to terrorise thousands of innocent Palestinians, defied over 68 UN resolutions, and despite International pressure has refused to withdraw from Palestinian territories. |
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http://www.petitiononline.com/eusanc/petition.html
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| | Open Directory - Society: Issues: Economic: Sanctions: Iraq |
| | Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq - Details of the society campaigning to lift the U.N. sanctions against Iraq. | | | Iraq Action Coalition - Campaigns against both the sanctions, and bombing of Iraq. | | | International War Crimes Tribunal: US War Crimes against Iraq - Includes use of outlawed weapons; intentionally bombing schools, hospitals, mosques and churches; killing after a cease-fire; and starvation of citizens. |
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http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Economic/Sanctions/Iraq
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| | Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq (CASI) |
| | It aims to raise awareness of the effecs on Iraq of the sanctions which were in place until May 2003, and previously campaigned on humanitarian grounds for the lifting of non-military sanctions. | | | At an EGM on 18th October, the Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq was formally dissolved. | | | CASI does not support or have ties to the government of Iraq. |
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http://www.casi.org.uk
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| | Pejmanesque: A TATTERED SANCTIONS REGIME |
| | Hussein was justified when, speaking at a gathering of leaders of the Iraqi armed forces in January 2000, he boasted that despite efforts by the United States and the United Nations to isolate Iraq, he would still be able to buy just about whatever he wanted. | | | Enriched with billions of dollars raised by exploiting the United Nations' oil-for-food program, Saddam Hussein spent heavily on arms imports starting in 1999, finding six governments and private companies from a dozen other nations that were willing to ignore sanctions prohibiting arms sales, the report by the top American arms inspector for Iraq has found. | | | The purchases, which included components of long-range missiles, spare parts for tanks and night-vision equipment, were not enough to allow Iraq to significantly rebuild its conventional military or create a viable chemical, biological or nuclear weapons program, according to the report by the inspector, Charles A. Duelfer, which was released Wednesday. |
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http://www.pejmanesque.com/archives/008085.html
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| | John Stuart Mill [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | The problem is that we are commonly motivated to not kill or steal, which are specific acts, but it is less clear that we are motivated to promote the broad notion of general happiness. | | | Mill argues that there are two classes of motivations (or sanctions) for promoting general happiness. | | | If I do not have enough food to do both, then I should determine whether general happiness would be better served by feeding my neighbor, or feeding myself. |
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http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm
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| | Sanctions |
| | See also : Iraq: the real sanctions scandal | | | Some of these amounts later changed but the principle remained in force until the fall of Saddam Hussein. |
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http://mondediplo.com/2005/02/06oilforfood
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christianity |
| | By substituting eternal sanctions for earthly rewards and punishments, He raised and ennobled the motives for the practice of virtue, and set before human ambition an object wholly worthy of the adopted sons of God, the extension of their Father's Kingdom in their own souls and in the souls of others. | | | Christ's clear and definite teaching, moreover, about the life to come, the final judgment resulting in an eternity of happiness or misery, the strict responsibility which attaches to the smallest human actions, is in great contrast to the current Jewish eschatology. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm
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| | Islamic Voice |
| | Infant mortality and under-5 mortality have doubled leading to the death of 1.5 million children since the sanctions were imposed 10 years ago. | | | It said educational institutions lack even the basic stationery, textbooks, etc. The report said the victims of the sanctions were ordinary people of Iraq and pleaded for immediate lifting of sanctions. | | | UN Sanctions against Iraq have left a devastating impact on the Iraqi people. |
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http://islamicvoice.com/august.2000/news.htm
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