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| | Learn more about Sanctions in the online encyclopedia. |
 | | Sanctions can also be coercive measures adopted by a group of nations in an effort to influence another nation into following international law or submitting to judgment. | | | "Sanctions" is the plural of sanction (see also penalty). | | | This has the effect of deciding the entire action against the sanctioned party without recourse, except to the degree that an appeal or trial de novo may be allowed because of reversible error. |
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http://www.onlineencyclopedia.org/s/sa/sanctions.html
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| | Sanctions, by Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Students of international law frequently argue that only economic measures deployed against states that have violated international standards or obligations may properly be classified as "sanctions." According to this view sanctions should be distinguished from national uses of economic power in pursuit of narrow national interests. | | | In many cases sanctions are imposed primarily for "signaling" purposes—either for the benefit of allies, other third parties, or a domestic audience. | | | In most cases, sanctions must be imposed as quickly and comprehensively as possible. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Sanctions.html
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| | Hans Köchler -- Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law |
| | It remains undisputed that sanctions receive legal recognition as specific countermeasures to violations of international law and that, in the event of such a violation, contractual obligations to the "law-breaking" state which otherwise apply are invalidated. | | | It is astonishing to the legal philosopher that the sanctions policy is not measured against the normative rules of international humanitarian law despite the fact that this policy is de facto constitutive of a war strategy, i.e. | | | The sanctions policy described above is furthermore contrary to the principles of the United Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (General Assembly Resolution 2625 [XXV] of October 24, 1970). |
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http://i-p-o.org/sanctp.htm
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| | Sanctions: Diplomatic Tool, or Warfare by Other Means? |
| | In doing so, they suggest that sanctions "fall into a gray area between humanitarian law and the rules of warfare." Thus, they recommend applying the rules of just war as well as specific criteria to the use of sanctions, if they are to serve a legitimate purpose in international affairs. | | | Another problem with sanctions is that threats cost more when they fail because the sender must follow through with a punishment. | | | It makes several recommendations toward monitoring the impact of sanctions as they are being imposed in order to reshape them in a manner that is less costly to children. |
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http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/sanctions.jsp
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| | Libya: The Lockerbie Legality |
| | The idea of legal arbitration both in national and in international law has the aim to solve problems, and in connection to international law, legal arbitration is almost obligatory, and Libyan lawyers have continuously called to the attention of the UN Charter and its references to arbitration. | | | A legal body would in its verdicts or conclusions from case to case create some sort of jurisprudence as to definition of international crime, international criminal law and the actions of the UN Security Council would be limited to have been taken in accordance with the widest recognized principles of international criminal law. | | | The International Commission of Inquiry on Economic Sanctions, containing several former heads of states and international legal experts, issued several communiqués on the issue, latest on the 11 May 1996, which condemns the effects of the sanctions on the Libyan population, urging the involved parts to cooperate according to several international conventions. |
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http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dr_ibrahim_ighneiwa/lockerbi.htm
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| | INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS - FINAL Regulations |
| | Therefore, even if a transaction is not an excess benefit transaction under the intermediate sanctions laws, it may still be found to be illegal. | | | Intermediate sanctions is a major change in the law and is likely to have a significant impact on how the IRS will respond to situations where they believe insiders of nonprofit organizations have received excess benefits. | | | Although the intermediate sanctions law is retroactive to September 14, 1995, the effective date of the law should not be confused with the effective date of regulations adopted by the Internal Revenue Service to implement the law. |
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http://www.runquist.com/article_intermedsancts.htm
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| | Richard Falk, Iraq, US, International Law, Sanctions |
| | International law is directed at states, not at international organizations such as the UN, the imposition of sanctions in this comprehensive form was initially authorized and periodically reaffirmed by the Security Council. | | | The UN discredited itself by endorsing sanctions, although efforts were made to mitigate the humanitarian catastrophe being caused by initiatives of the Secretary General and others, and the UN generally is no stronger and more accountable under international law than it is leading members permit. | | | Despite this sidelining of sanctions, it remains important to consider the sanctions regime, which continues to impose hardships on the civilian population of Iraq, from the perspective of international law and morality. |
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http://www.transnational.org/forum/meet/2002/Falk_IraqUSinternatLaw.html
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| | WCC Memorandum and Recommendations on the Application of Sanctions |
| | Sanctions, as a term to describe measures taken by a state or group of states against another which has violated accepted norms and standards, is a comparatively new concept in the history of international law. | | | Sanctions are generally understood as a way to describe concerted international action by non-military means against a state which is in violation of international law. | | | International legal experts concur in regarding sanctions as measures of enforcement in response to violations of international law. |
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http://www.ncccusa.org/98ga/s7.html
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| | Sidestepping Sanctions |
| | But the point, critics say, is not whether sanctions work, but why major corporations are being allowed to sidestep the law. | | | At the state level, lawmakers and investors have decided to take action themselves. | | | Sanctions enjoy broad, bipartisan support -- the most recent version of the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act passed Congress by a vote of 409-6 -- and conservative Republicans have been among the most vocal champions of cutting off trade to countries that sponsor terrorist organizations. |
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http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2003/07/ma_452_01.html
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| | Whitepaper: Intermediate Sanctions |
| | The intermediate sanctions law permits the IRS to punish nonprofit insiders without imposing the death penalty on the nonprofit organization itself. | | | While the direct applicability of the intermediate sanctions law is limited to Section 501(c)(3) and 501(c)(4) organizations, associations exempt from federal income tax under Sections 501(c)(5) and 501(c)(6) should be familiar with the law for two principal reasons. | | | Under the intermediate sanctions law, excise taxes are imposed on "excess benefit transactions" occurring on or after Sept. 14, 1995. |
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http://www.centeronline.org/knowledge/whitepaper.cfm?ID=1790
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| | WCC Memorandum and Recommendations on the Application of Sanctions |
| | Sanctions, as a term to describe measures taken by a state or group of states against another which has violated accepted norms and standards, is a comparatively new concept in the history of international law. | | | International legal experts concur in regarding sanctions as measures of enforcement in response to violations of international law. | | | Economic sanctions by one state in order to gain advantage over another are expressly forbidden in the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States adopted by the General Assembly (Res. |
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http://www.ncccusa.org/98ga/s7.html
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| | Intermediate Sanctions: Curbing Nonprofit Abuse: Investment and Business Resources |
| | Witch-Doctor's Son-In-Law Journeys of a Witch-Doctor's Son-In-Law and Law Books For Sale The Law of Intermediate Sanctions : A Guide for Nonprofits by Bruce R. Hopkins, ISBN 0471224022 Having long lacked an adequate system for punishing nonprofit abuse, Congress... | | | Find intermediate sanctions curbing nonprofit abuse and more at Lycos Search. | | | Law and Economics of Regulation and Licensing: Law Books For Sale -... |
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http://www.amrescoct.com/1112-Intermediate-Sanctions-Curbing-Nonprofit-Abuse.html
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| | Intermediate sanctions |
| | Intermediate sanctions is a term used in regulations enacted by the United States Internal Revenue Service that is applied to non-profit organization s who engage in transactions that inure to the benefit of a disqualified person within the organization. | | | Intermediate sanctions may be imposed either in addition to or instead of revocation of the exempt status of the organization. | | | The intermediate sanction provision goes on to create a penalty which is essentially a claw back of any benefits received plus a penalty as well as excise penalties that may be in excess of 200% of the benefit received. |
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http://www.serebella.com/encyclopedia/article-Intermediate_sanctions.html
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| | Feds Issue Final Intermediate Sanctions Regulations |
| | In January 23, 2002, a mere five years after former President Clinton signed into law the Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, the Treasury Department issued final intermediate sanctions regulations. | | | There are two key “safe harbors” under the intermediate sanctions law: (1) the “rebuttable presumption of reasonableness,” which protects both disqualified persons and organization managers; and (2) the “reasoned professional opinion,” which protects only organization managers. | | | Intermediate sanctions are designed to penalize the disqualified persons who were unjustly enriched by the transaction as well as the officers and directors who condoned it. |
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http://www.canonprofits.org/CANAlert/may.june.02/policy.html
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| | Faegre & Benson LLP: Steering Clear of IRS âIntermediate Sanctionsâ Violations |
| | Step 3 - - Demand and Abide by the Process Under the intermediate sanctions law, compensation payments and other transactions will benefit from a “rebuttable presumption” that the transaction terms are reasonable and consistent with FMV if: | | | The intermediate sanctions law imposes taxes on persons who are influential to tax-exempt enterprises and who either benefit from, or approve transactions that are not consistent with fair market value (“FMV”). | | | The intermediate sanctions law provides a new vehicle to hold key insiders and decision-makers in tax-exempt organizations personally responsible for their actions. |
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http://www.faegre.com/articles/article_1103.aspx
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| | Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) - Overview |
| | As a coercive, yet non-military instrument, sanctions are generally employed to react to violations of international law, violations of human rights, and policies that do not respect the rule of law and democratic principles. | | | The Council Regulations imposing sanctions and the implementing Commission Regulations are part of Community law. | | | This may mean that, in order to allow for the application of sanctions, suspension clauses in existing agreements with third countries have to be invoked leading to a full or partial suspension of the agreement. |
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions
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| | Mega-Guide to Law and Law Schools |
| | Substantive law is the study of which norms and sanctions are to be used in a legal system. | | | Law is a special type of norm and that part of the social control apparatus which operates "officially" and carries the most negative sanctions. | | | Law schools will then calculate the profile of that year's crop, and send out a wave of acceptances around April or May. If the number of seat deposits to guarantee a full entering class are not sufficient, the law school will send out a second wave of acceptances in June or July. |
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http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/megalaw.htm
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| | Law firm: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic |
| | Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of law that regulates governmental sanctions (such as imprisonment and/or fines) as retaliation... | | | A lawyer or attorney at law is a person licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law (and in other... | | | The adversarial system (or adversary system) of law is the system of law, generally adopted in common law countries, that relies on the skill of the different... |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/l/la/law_firm.htm
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| | Richard A. Epstein, Standing and Spending |
| | The variation of the standing litigation that Sunstein attacks is one that allows the regulated party to attack the sanctions imposed while the unregulated beneficiary is not able to spur the Court into action should the regulated party succeed at an administrative level. | | | In reply, an objection is, that it is treacherous business to move from legal doctrines that govern in courts that have plenary jurisdiction to the federal courts whose jurisdiction is limited to a specific set of cases and controversies. | | | Finally, the tort-based standing requirement is not advanced by the observation that the federal courts are not places for concerned bystanders to ventilate their dissatisfaction with government programs, or that courts should not be converted into “judicial versions of college debating societies.” All litigation resembles a debating society given the clash of wills. |
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http://www.constitution.org/duepr/standing/epstein_standing.htm
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| | Electronic Discovery Law : Case Summaries |
| | Discovery became very contentious, and the court issued an order to show cause requesting the parties to explain why the parties and/or their counsel should not be sanctioned for failing to comply with the Case Management Order. | | | At the conclusion of discovery, defendant moved for the imposition of sanctions on plaintiff, contending that plaintiff had systematically ignored its discovery obligations under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, violated a series of court orders directing it to produce documents within specified deadlines, and irremediably prejudiced defendant's ability to prepare its case. | | | Discovery had closed in May 2004, and the court noted that plaintiff had not previously complained of any deficiencies in the defendant’s responses to discovery. |
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http://www.ediscoverylaw.com/cat-case-summaries.html
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| | Settlement and Trial of Family Law Matters |
| | Sanctions may include payment to the pro tem settlement conference judge for the time he or she spent if one or both of the parties or attorneys fail to appear, at that judge's customary hourly rate. | | | If a party's Settlement Conference Statement is no longer current or requires supplementation, the party shall prepare, serve and file a trial statement, the original of which shall be submitted to the courtroom clerk for review by the trial judge, five (5) court days prior to commencement of the trial. | | | It is the policy of the Superior Court to provide as much flexibility, compassion and efficiency as possible in all family law matters, and to provide for resolution of these cases in the most expeditious and harmonious manner possible. |
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http://www.yolocourts.com/rul19.html
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| | ASIL Insight -- Enforcing International Law |
| | But international law has developed to the point where reprisals involving the use of armed force are no longer permissible in the absence of Security Council authorization. | | | The assumption, of course, is that international law cannot be enforced. | | | The sanctions may be economic (such as a trade embargo against a country threatening the peace), diplomatic (such as severance of diplomatic relations) or military (the use of armed force to maintain or restore international peace and security). |
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http://www.asil.org/insights/insight1.htm
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| | Mega-Guide to Law and Law Schools |
| | Substantive law is the study of which norms and sanctions are to be used in a legal system. | | | Procedural law is the study of which rules and actions legitimize the authorities. | | | Law schools will then calculate the profile of that year's crop, and send out a wave of acceptances around April or May. If the number of seat deposits to guarantee a full entering class are not sufficient, the law school will send out a second wave of acceptances in June or July. |
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http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/megalaw.htm
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| | Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How |
| | The Life Peerages Act sanctions the regular granting of life peerages, but the power to appoint Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act was not derogated. | | | In 1856, it was determined necessary to add a peer learned in law to the House of Lords (which exercised and continues to exercise certain judicial functions), without allowing the peer's heirs to sit in the House and swell its numbers. | | | To be appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, an individual must have been a practising barrister for a period of fifteen years or must have held a high judicial office—Lord Chancellor, or judge of the Court of Appeal, High Court or Court of Session—for a period of two years. |
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http://www.irelandinformationguide.com/Life_peer
(2086 words)
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| | Section- 16 Probation and Parole |
| | Intermediate sanctions may be utilized to address technical violations and minor law violations. | | | If the violation is such that the officer and team supervisor agree that the intermediate sanctions agreed upon during the case conference are a sufficient action, the violation report shall be completed outlining the recommended sanctions and documenting that the sanctions imposed are in lieu of revocation procedures being initiated. | | | Should an offender leave the intermediate sanctions facility without authorization, or fail to return to the facility from an authorized activity, the facility officer in charge shall notify the supervising parole officer. |
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http://www.doc.state.ok.us/offtech/op160901.htm
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| | The Hindu Business Line : Vedanta refinery project has violated forest laws: Panel |
| | The Supreme Court is hearing a public interest petition by the Wildlife Society of Orissa, which alleged that forest laws had been violated by Vedanta Alumina at their project site at Lanjigarh. | | | It said that "appropriate action" should be taken against the company for clearing village forest land in violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act and clearing trees in the project site without proper sanctions. | | | The Ministry of Environment and Forests should set up a mechanism under which close coordination is maintained between the Impact Assessment, Forest Conservation and Wildlife divisions so that the Ministry is not put in an awkward situation regarding issue of sanctions on the basis of information supplied by the project proponents, the team said. |
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http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/12/stories/2005011201950200.htm
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| | Tax Analysts: Free Bulletins: Exempt Organizations: News on Intermediate Sanctions, Prison TAM |
| | She pointed out, however, that Congress wants intermediate sanctions to be the sole penalty for excess benefit transactions, with revocation of exemption used only in particularly egregious cases of private inurement. | | | Exempt organizations and the IRS have long sought intermediate sanctions, which make up a key component of the taxpayer rights legislation, as an alternative to the drastic penalty of revoking exemption for exempts that engage in private inurement. | | | To the extent that executives benefit most from private inurement, they would be at higher risk of penalty under the new law, she explained. |
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http://www.taxanalysts.com/www/tadiscus.nsf/Archives/C97A38BF06A06A5F8525636F00498BF5?OpenDocument
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| | Law & Juris. Minor |
| | Surveys the field of international law beginning with its sources, legal nature and sanctions, followed by the rights and duties of states and the jurisdiction over persons, territories, the sea, airspace, outer space, concluding with the norms of neutrality and belligerency. | | | The course will examine, in general terms, the various kinds of law — civil, environmental, criminal, constitutional, etc. — focusing on selected cases in these areas to determine the capacity and limitations of law and legal processes to deal with social problems. | | | An introduction to American law and legal institutions as a part of government. |
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http://www.niagara.edu/prelaw/Law&Jurisprudence.htm
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| | Sanctions, by Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty |
| | Students of international law frequently argue that only economic measures deployed against states that have violated international standards or obligations may properly be classified as "sanctions." According to this view sanctions should be distinguished from national uses of economic power in pursuit of narrow national interests. | | | In many cases sanctions are imposed primarily for "signaling" purposes—either for the benefit of allies, other third parties, or a domestic audience. | | | In most cases, sanctions must be imposed as quickly and comprehensively as possible. |
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Sanctions.html
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